Diseases
|
Causative Organism
|
Transmission
|
Timing of Infection
|
Clinical Symptoms in the Mother
|
Clinical Manifestations in the newborn
|
Classification
|
Diagnosis
|
Treatment
|
Congenital Syphilis
|
Treponema Pallidum
|
Vertical
|
16th to 28th week
|
Based on the stage of Syphilis infection
|
- Low birth weight
- Non-immune Hydrops
- Maculopapular or Vesicobullous rash on the palms and soles
- Interstitial Keratitis
- Rhinitis
|
- Early congenital syphilis
- Late congnenital syphilis
- Stigmata
|
- Detection of IgM aganist T.pallidum in blood collected in chordocentesis
- Amniotic fluid PCR for T. pallidum DNA
- Antenatal Ultrasound
|
- Aqueous crystalline penicillin G 100,000-150,000 U/kg/day, administered as 50,000 U/kg/dose IV q12h during the first 7 days of life and q8h thereafter for a total of 10 days
|
Congenital Toxoplasmosis
|
Toxoplama gondii
|
Vertical
|
Third Trimester
|
- Majority : Asymptomatic
- Few patients can have flu like symptoms
|
- Low birth weight
- Chorioretinitis
- Microcephaly
- Intracranial calcification
- Spasticities and Paresis
- Sensorineural deafness
|
None
|
- Amniotic fluid PCR for T.gondii DNA
- Detection of parasite in Amniotic fluid
- Serology
|
- Infected mothers without fetal infection : Spiramycin
- Infected mothers with established fetal infection : Pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and folinic acid
|
Congenital Varicella Syndrome
|
Varicella Zoster virus
|
Vertical
|
13 to 20th week
|
- Vesicular skin rash
- Fever
|
- Cicatrical skin lesions
- Limb hypoplasia
- Microcephaly
- Autonomic instability
- Chorioretinitis
- Microphalmia and anisocoria
|
None
|
- Antenatal Ultrasound
- Fetal MRI
- Amniotic fluid PCR for VZV DNA
|
- Termination of pregnancy with severe defects
- No definitive treatment
- Preconceptional vaccination
|
Congenital CMV
|
CMV Virus
|
Vertical
|
First trimester
|
- Fever
- Cervical lymphadenopathy
|
|
|
- Antenatal Ultrasound
- Amniotic Fluid PCR for CMV DNA
- CT brain
|
- IV Ganciclovir
- Oral Valganciclovir
|
Congenital Rubella Syndrome
|
Rubella
|
Vertical
|
8 to 10th week
|
- Asymptomatic
- Maculopapular rash starting on the face and spreads caudally
- Polyarthalgia
|
- Low birth weight
- VSD and PDA
- Cataracts, glacoma, retinopathy
- Sensorineural hearing loss
- Microcephaly
- Encephalitis
|
None
|
|
- Termination of pregnancy: If infection diagnosed before 18weeks of pregnancy
- No definitive Treatment
|
Neonatal Herpes Simplex
|
HSV-1 and HSV-2
|
Direct Contact
|
At term
|
- Genital or Orolabial herpes
|
- Vesicular skin lesions
- Oral Ulcers
- Chorioretinitis and conjunctival erythema
- Encephalitis
- DIC
- Pneumonitis
|
- Skin, eye, mouth disease (SEM)
- CNS Disease
- Disseminated Disease
|
- Surface Cultures
- CNS fluid analysis
- Elevated Alanine Transaminase
|
- SEM : IV Acyclovir for 10 days
- Disseminated and CNS disease: IV Acyclovir for 14 to 21 days
|