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Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard Additional findings
History Physical examination
Lab Findings Imaging Histopathology
Etiology Signs & Symptoms On Examination Murmur Type Physical exam 3 Lab 1 Lab 2 Lab 3 Imaging 1 Imaging 2 Imaging 3
Aortic Stenosis
  • Age-related calcification in the elderly
  • Bicuspid aortic valve in the young
    • leads to early calcification of the valve
Orthopnea
Aortic Regurgitation
  • Aortic root dilatation
  • Bicuspid aortic valve
  • Endocarditis
  • Rheumatic fever
Orthopnea
Mitral Stenosis
  • Rheumatic fever
Mitral Regurgitation
  • Rheumatic fever
  • Endocarditis
  • Post-myocardial infarction
    • rupture of the chordae or papillary muscles  
  • Left ventricular dilatation

References

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