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==Causes==


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===Causes by Localization===
 
====Small Bowel obstruction====
 
* [[Adhesion (medicine)|Adhesions]] from previous abdominal surgery
* [[Carcinoid]] rare, preferred location: ileum
* [[Crohn's disease]] causing adhesions or inflammatory strictures
* [[Foreign body|Foreign bodies]] (e.g. [[gallstone]]s in [[Ileus|gallstone ileus]], swallowed objects)
* [[Hernia]]s containing bowel
* [[Intestinal atresia]]
* [[Intussusception (medical disorder)|Intussusception]] in children
* [[Ischaemia|Ischaemic]] strictures
* [[Neoplasia|Neoplasms]], benign or malignant
* [[Volvulus]]
 
<div align="left">
<gallery heights="175" widths="175">
Image:Bowel Obstrution2008.jpg|Upright abdominal X-ray demonstrating a small bowel obstruction.  Note multiple air fluid levels.
</gallery>
</div>
 
====Large Bowel obstruction====
Causes of [[large bowel]] obstruction include:
* [[neoplasia|Neoplasm]]s
* [[Hernia]]s
* [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
* Colonic [[volvulus]] (sigmoid, caecal, transverse colon)
* [[Constipation|Faecal impaction]]
* [[Intestinal atresia|Colon atresia]]
* Benign strictures (Diverticular Disease)
 
 
<div align="left">
<gallery heights="175" widths="175">
Image:LargeBowelObsUp2008.jpg|Upright abdominal X-ray of a patient with a large bowel obstruction showing multiple air fluid levels and dilated loops of bowel.
</gallery>
</div>
 
===Causes by Organ System===
 
*Miscellaneous syndromes
:* [[Intestinal pseudoobstruction|Pseudo-obstruction]] or [[Ogilvie's syndrome]]
:* Paralytic [[Ileus]]
 
*Chromosomal abnormalities
:* [[Down syndrome]]
 
*Autosomal dominant conditions
:* [[Neurofibromatosis]] type 1
 
*Malignant neoplastic conditions
:* [[Carcinoid tumours]] and [[carcinoid syndrome]]
:* [[Colorectal cancer]]
:* [[Ovarian cancer]]
:* [[Pseudomyxoma peritonei]]
:* [[Small bowel lymphoma]]
:* [[Stomach cancer]]
 
*Trauma, mechanical and physical conditions
   
:* Bowel strangulation
:* Femoral [[hernia]]
:* [[Ileus]]
:* Inguinal [[hernia]]
:* Intestinal stricture
:* Intestinal [[volvulus]]
:* [[Intussusception]] of intestine
:* Large bowel obstruction
:* Obturator [[hernia]]
:* Peritoneal [[adhesions]]
:* Small bowel obstruction
 
*Infectious disorders
 
:* Intra-abdominal [[sepsis]]
:* [[Pneumonia]] or other systemic illness
:* [[Ascariasis]]
 
===Causes by Mechanism===
 
==== Mechanical Bowel obstruction ====
* Adenomatous polyps
* Adhesions
* Adhesive bands
* Annular [[pancreas]]
* Ascariades
* [[Atresia]]
* Biliary calculus
* Bowel duplication
* [[Carcinomatosis]]
* [[Colon Cancer]]
* Congenital [[megacolon]]
* [[Crohn's Disease]]
* Cysts
* Diverticular stricture
* [[Diverticulitis]]
* [[Endometriosis]]
* Foreign body
* [[Gallstone]] ileus
* Hematoma of the bowel wall
* [[Hernia]]
* Hirschprung's disease
* Iatrogenic
* Imperforate anus
* Incarcerated hernia
* Inflammatory
* Intrabdominal abscess
* Intrabdominal hematoma
* Invagination, intussisception
* [[Ischemia]]
* Malrotation
* [[Meckel's Diverticulum]]
* Megacolon
* Multiple polyposis syndromes
* Neoplasm
* [[Ovarian Cancer]]
* Pneumatosis intestinalis
* Postoperative
* [[Pregnancy]]
* [[Radiation]] induced stenosis
* [[Sarcoma]]
* [[Scleroderma]]
* Surgical anastomosis
* Therapy with dietary fiber
* [[Trauma]]
* [[Tuberculosis]]
* [[Ulcerative colitis]]
* [[Volvulus]]
 
==== Non Mechanical Bowel obstruction ====
* Acid-base imbalance
* Acute [[pancreatitis]]
* Anticholinergics
* Antihistamines
* Apoplexy
* [[Brain tumor]]
* [[Cancer]]
* [[Catecholamines]]
* [[Cholecystolithiasis]]
* Connective tissue disease
* Diabetic [[coma]]
* [[Empyema]]
* [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
* [[Hypokalemia]]
* [[Lead poisoning]]
* [[Lymphoma]]
* [[Mechanical ventilation]]
* [[Mesenteric infarction]]
* [[Morphine]]
* Narcotics
* [[Osteomyelitis]] of the spine
* [[Ovarian torsion]]
* [[Pancreatitis]]
* Penetrating wounds
* Perinephric [[abscess]]
* Peritoneal [[carcinomatosis]]
* [[Peritonitis]]
* [[Pneumonia]]
* [[Porphyria]]
* Postoperative
* Psoas [[abscess]]
* [[Pyelonephritis]]
* [[Renal colic]]
* [[Retroperitoneal hematoma]]
* Spinal cord inflammation
* Spinal cord injury
* Spinal cord trauma
* Systemic [[infection]]
* [[Testicular torsion]]
* Ulcer perforation
* [[Uremia]]
* Uro[[sepsis]]
* Vitamin deficiency
 
==== Pseudo Bowel obstruction ====
* Aerophagia
* Functional bowel disease


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:General surgery]]
[[Category:General surgery]]
[[Category:Medical emergencies]]
[[Category:Medical emergencies]]

Revision as of 17:38, 4 February 2013

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Causes

Causes by Localization

Small Bowel obstruction

  • Upright abdominal X-ray demonstrating a small bowel obstruction. Note multiple air fluid levels.

    Upright abdominal X-ray demonstrating a small bowel obstruction. Note multiple air fluid levels.

Large Bowel obstruction

Causes of large bowel obstruction include:


  • Upright abdominal X-ray of a patient with a large bowel obstruction showing multiple air fluid levels and dilated loops of bowel.

    Upright abdominal X-ray of a patient with a large bowel obstruction showing multiple air fluid levels and dilated loops of bowel.

Causes by Organ System

  • Miscellaneous syndromes
  • Chromosomal abnormalities
  • Autosomal dominant conditions
  • Malignant neoplastic conditions
  • Trauma, mechanical and physical conditions
  • Infectious disorders

Causes by Mechanism

Mechanical Bowel obstruction

Non Mechanical Bowel obstruction

Pseudo Bowel obstruction

  • Aerophagia
  • Functional bowel disease

References


Template:WikiDoc Sources

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