Blackwater fever: Difference between revisions
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==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
The cause of [[hemolysis|hemolytic]] crises in this disease is unknown (mainly due to intravascular haemolysis). | The cause of [[hemolysis|hemolytic]] crises in this disease is unknown (mainly due to intravascular haemolysis). Blackwater fever is caused by heavy parasitization of red blood cells with ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]''. There has been at least one case, however, attributed to ''[[Plasmodium vivax]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Katongole-Mbidde E, Banura C, Kizito A |title=Blackwater fever caused by ''Plasmodium vivax'' infection in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome |journal=Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) |volume=296 |issue=6625 |pages=827 |date=1988-03-19 |pmid=3130932 |pmc=2545111 |doi=10.1136/bmj.296.6625.827}}</ref> | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== |
Revision as of 17:15, 27 November 2012
Blackwater fever | |
ICD-10 | B50 |
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ICD-9 | 084.8 |
DiseasesDB | 7751 |
MeSH | D001742 |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Synonyms and keywords: Malignant tertian malaria
Overview
Blackwater fever is a complication of malaria characterized by intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria and kidney failure. Blackwater fever is caused by heavy parasitization of red blood cells with Plasmodium falciparum. Plasmodium vivax may also cause the disease. [1]
Historical Perspective
The term Black water fever was coined by the Sierra Leonean doctor John Farrell Easmon in his 1884 pamphlet entitled "Blackwater Fever." Easmon was the first to treat cases of black water fever following the publication of his pamphlet.
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis
When red blood cells burst, hemoglobin leaks into the blood plasma. This free hemoglobin damages the glomerulus in the kidney, and begins to leak into the urine where it causes further damage to the tubules of the kidney.
The presence of hemoglobin in the urine causes a dark discoloration, hence the name. When it is passed, it is raven black.
Causes
The cause of hemolytic crises in this disease is unknown (mainly due to intravascular haemolysis). Blackwater fever is caused by heavy parasitization of red blood cells with Plasmodium falciparum. There has been at least one case, however, attributed to Plasmodium vivax.[2]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Blackwater fever is much less common today than it was before 1950.[3] It may be that quinine plays a role in triggering the condition, and this drug is no longer commonly used for malaria prophylaxis. Quinine remains important for treatment of malaria.
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Complications
Blackwater fever is a serious complication of malaria, but cerebral malaria has a higher mortality rate.
Medical Therapy
Pharmacotherapy
The treatment for Blackwater fever is antimalarial chemotherapy, intravenous fluid and sometimes supportive care such as intensive care and dialysis.
References
- ↑ http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1833024
- ↑ Katongole-Mbidde E, Banura C, Kizito A (1988-03-19). "Blackwater fever caused by Plasmodium vivax infection in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 296 (6625): 827. doi:10.1136/bmj.296.6625.827. PMC 2545111. PMID 3130932.
- ↑ Bruneel F, Gachot B, Wolff M; et al. (2002). "[Blackwater fever]". Presse médicale (Paris, France : 1983) (in French). 31 (28): 1329–34. PMID 12355996.