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Elastic stockings	Reduce venous pooling in the splanchnic and mesenteric circulations.	Elastic stockings expanding up to the waist are recommended. Leg compression alone is not considered effective. Due to the minor venous capacitance of legs relative to the abdomen. Separate abdominal and leg compression is recommended to avoid patient's discomfort.
Physical Maneuvers	Transiently increase venous return and peripheral vascular resistance	Contraction of a group of muscles Leg-crossing Toe raising Bending at the waist
Head up tilt sleeping	Enhance orthostatic tolerance upon the first-morning rise	Results in reduction in supine hypertension, pressure-natriuresis
Intravascular volume	Tubular loss of salt and fluid Decreased vascular tone creates relative hypovolemia	Volume expansion can alleviate symptoms even in the presence of normal intravascular volume. 2 liters of water and 6 g of salt Twenty-four-hour urine collection is helpful to guide treatment and follow-up

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