Burnout (psychology): Difference between revisions
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===Copenhagen Burnout Inventory=== | ===Copenhagen Burnout Inventory=== | ||
The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory is another scale and was developed in 2005.<ref>CKristensen T, Borritz M, Villadsen E, Christensen KB. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: a new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work Stress. 2005;19(3):192–207 {{doi|10.1080/02678370500297720}}</ref> | The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory is another scale and was developed in 2005.<ref>CKristensen T, Borritz M, Villadsen E, Christensen KB. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: a new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work Stress. 2005;19(3):192–207 {{doi|10.1080/02678370500297720}}</ref> | ||
===Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OBI)=== | |||
The OBI is a 16-item survey developed in Germany in 2002 and publically available in the published article<ref name="pmid12140354">{{cite journal| author=Klapow J, Kroenke K, Horton T, Schmidt S, Spitzer R, Williams JB| title=Psychological disorders and distress in older primary care patients: a comparison of older and younger samples. | journal=Psychosom Med | year= 2002 | volume= 64 | issue= 4 | pages= 635-43 | pmid=12140354 | doi=10.1097/01.psy.0000021942.35402.c3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12140354 }} </ref>. | |||
===Physician Well-Being Index (PWBI)=== | ===Physician Well-Being Index (PWBI)=== |
Revision as of 04:04, 11 July 2020
Template:Tocright Robert G. Badgett, M.D.[1]
Template:Otheruses4 Template:DiseaseDisorder infobox Burnout is a concept in industrial and organizational psychology for "an excessive stress reaction to one's occupational or professional environment. It is manifested by feelings of emotional and physical exhaustion coupled with a sense of frustration and failure".[1] Burnout has three dimensions[2]:
- Emotional exhaustion
- Depersonalization (cynicism)
- Diminished personal accomplishment (inefficacy)
Subsequent research suggests the third dimension, personal accomplishment, better fits with the concept of professional engagement rather than with burnout.[3]
Burnout is due to loss of control at work, and also "burnout is mainly predicted by job demands but also by lack of job resources".
Burnout is now being studied in its reported antitheses, job satisfaction, job engagement and thriving. Thriving may protect against burnout[4][5]. Engagement is both negatively associated with burnout, but also unhealthy engagement may lead to burnout.[6]
Engagement may not simply be the opposite of burnout.
Prevalence
The prevalence of burnout in the general, employed population of the United States, aged is[7][8][9]:
- General, employed U.S. population
- College graduates 2010: aged 31-47 36%[7]
Health care workers
As of 2017, 44% of physicians have have burnout[10]. Previously, in 2014, as many as 50% of physicians in practice may have burnout.[9] General practitioners seem to have low job control and the highest proportion of burnout cases[11].
Burnout is more common in larger practices suggesting that practice level autonomy may be important[12].
For physicians in training, rates of burnout (emotional exhaustion) for students, residents and fellows is about 50% while the rate is 36% in similarly aged college graduates.[7] Burnout in physicians in training is associated with perceived harassment[13]. In one survey of 24 American medical schools, harassment occurring at least one time was reported by 83% of students[13]. In this study, harassment was more commonly reported being perpetrated by residents[13]. The rates of burnout among students responding to the survey were[13]:
- All students 34%
- Those reporting recurrent harassment by faculty 57%
- Those not reporting recurrent harassment by faculty 32%
According to the yearly survey of recent medical school graduates by the Association of American Medical Colleges, the following are reported [14]:
- Occasional public embarrassment 20%
- Occasional public humiliation 8%
Measurement
Several burnout inventories are available including the Maslach, Copenhagen, and Oldenburg[15].
Eckleberry-Hunt in 2017 raised the question that burnout is being over-reported by deeming burnout present if either emotional exhaustion or depersonalization are present.[16]
Maslach Burnout Inventory
The Maslach Burnout Inventory is the earliest and most well-studied measurement of burnout. Maslach and her colleague Jackson first identified the construct "burnout" in the 1970s, and developed a measure that weighs the effects of on three scales[2]:
- Emotional exhaustion (nine items)
- Depersonalization (five items)
- Personal accomplishment (eight items)
An important question has been raised by Eckleberry-Hunt that we may be over-estimating rates of burnout due to the common two item survey deeming burnout if either emotional exhaustion or depersonaliztion are present when the original survey required both to be present[16].
2 item burnout Inventory
In this survey, abnormal is defined as symptoms weekly or more on either item.[17][18] The first item correlates with emotional exhaustion.
1. I feel burned out from my work[18] or How often do you feel burned out from your work?[17]
- Never
- A few times a year or less
- Once a month
- A few times a month
- Once a week
- A few times a week
- Every day
2. I have become more callous toward people since I took this job[18] or How often do you feel you’ve become more callous toward people since you started your residency?[17]
- Never
- A few times a year or less
- Once a month
- A few times a month
- Once a week
- A few times a week
- Every day
The two item format has been used in national surveys in 2011[8] and its follow-up survey in 2014[9].
Mini Z
The 10‑item Zero Burnout Program survey, or called the Mini Z[19], was adapted from earlier work by Rohland[20] and Schmoldt[21] and the Physician Worklife Survey[22]. The Mini Z is a single item (burnout is defined as answers c, d, or e) that correlates with the emotional exhaustion scale of the Maslach[20]:
1. Using your own definition of “burnout,” please circle one of the answers below:
a. I enjoy my work. I have no symptoms of burnout.
b. I am under stress, and don’t always have as much energy as I did, but I don’t feel burned out.
c. I am definitely burning out and have one or more symptoms of burnout, e.g., emotional exhaustion.
d. The symptoms of burnout that I am experiencing won’t go away. I think about work frustrations a lot.
e. I feel completely burned out. I am at the point where I may need to seek help.
The Mini Z is promoted by the American Medical Association's Steps Forward campaign.[23]
The Mini Z may[24][25] report lower prevalence of burnout than when measured by the full Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Olson found that the Mini-Z reports a prevalence 10% to 15% lower than the MBI.
This discrepancy may be related to an important question raised by Eckleberry-Hunt that we may be over-estimating rates of burnout due to the common two item survey deeming burnout if either emotional exhaustion or depersonaliztion are present when the original survey required both to be present[16].
Copenhagen Burnout Inventory
The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory is another scale and was developed in 2005.[26]
Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OBI)
The OBI is a 16-item survey developed in Germany in 2002 and publically available in the published article[27].
Physician Well-Being Index (PWBI)
The PWBI contains 7 items, one of which queries burnout in a yes/no response format. Its development[28] and application[29] have been reported.
Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL)
The ProQOL has three scales[30][31]:
- Compassion satisfaction (CS)
- Compassion fatigue (CF) which includes anger, exhaustion, frustration, or depression
Norms are available[32].
Causes
Leiter and Maslach found the following antecedents from the Areas of Worklife Survey (AWS) using factor analysis:[33]
- Workload
- Fairness
- Control
- Community
- Values
- Rewards
Of these causes, workload is the strongest correlate of emotional exhaustion[33] but loss of control may be the initial factor. Perceived control or autonomy and fairness correlate with cynicism.[33][34]
- 16% of burnout is attributed to perceived control at the worksite.[35]
- Electronic health records[36]
- Chaotic clinic atmospheres and workload control are dominant causes in health care - more so than electronic health records[37].
These findings, specifically workload, are reflected in the job demands-resources model of burnout[38].
These findings are reflected in the Demand-Control theory of job stress. [39]
Moral distress and professional disonance
Moral distress[40] and professional disonance[41], as operationalized in research studies, is the report by healthcare personnel of participating in the provision of healthcare that the healthcare personnel perceives as inappropriate due to pressure from other health care professionals or administrators of families that the health care professional perceives as inappropriate due to being[40][42]
Leadership
Leadership tactics are associated with burnout[43][44][45][5][46][47]
Regarding COVID-19, on April 7, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) projects a 36,654 hospital bed and 16,323 ICU bed shortage on day of peak resource need (April, 15), and 3,130 COVID-19 deaths on the day of peak daily deaths (as of 4/7/2020) across the United States[48]. This poses a significant stress on the healthcare system. Strains on the healthcare system lead to increased practitioner stress and burnout, of which moral distress is a contributor. Moral distress occurs in high stress environments, like the ICU[49]. A qualitative literature review of moral distress in nurses found that moral distress can lead to emotional exhaustion and depersonalization toward patients, which are components of burn out[50].
Consequences
Burnout is negatively associated with Practice Adaptive Reserve, or the ability for an organization to learn[51].
Clinical outcomes
A systematic review suggested there may be a small association between burnout and the quality of patient care[52]
- In intensive care units, physicians and nurses reported a signicant correlation between burnout and standardized mortality[53].
- In hospital units in which nurses report high burnout, nosocomial infection rates are higher[54].
However, other studies have not found an association between burnout and clinical outcomes.
- A study of general/vascular surgery residency programs, found an insignificant correlation[55].
- Another study found no association[56]
Financial
Burnout may be associated with operating margins[57].
The cost of burnout is estimated to be $7600 per employed physician each year[58].
Prevention
Thriving[4][5] and engagement[59][3] are negatively correlated with, and thus may be protective, against burnout. However, unhealthy engagement may lead to burnout.[6]
Perceived control or autonomy and fairness correlate with cynicism.[33][34]
Resilience
Interventions, including those directed at physicians, have been reviwed.[60]
Reporting of workforce state to external stakeholders
Treatment
At the individual level
Religion may[61] or may not[62], protect against burnout. Spirituality may better associate with engagement than burnout[63].
Observations studies suggest the following tactics by individuals may help[61]:
- Measured by the Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale (SIBS)[64]:
- Humility/personal application
- Measured by the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE) Inventory[65]:
- Acceptance
- Active coping (trying to correct the situation)
- Positive reframing or reinterpretation
- Mindfullness training[66]
Calling
Calling may protect against burnout[67][68].
Calling may be more important than extrinsic motivation such as income[69].
Calling can be measured with:
- A single question, "For me, the practice of medicine is a calling"[68]
- A scale with two dimensions, Calling and Vocation Questionnaire (CVQ)[70]:
- Transcendent Summons (4 items) which includes "I believe that I have been called to my current line of work".
- Purposeful Work (4 items)
Calling may not be as important as autonomy[71].
At the institutional level
Institutional and individual strategies to reduce burnout have been reviewed[60].
Physicians may not be aware that they are burned out and providing awareness may increase engagement with addressing burnout[72].
In the UK National Health Service's large Health Foundation's Safer Patients Initiative (SPI) reported[73]:
- A borderline reduction in burnout (as measured by staff self-report of "Work related stress in previous 12 months")
- An insignificant decrease in mortality
- No change in patient satisfaction
A follow-up report from the SPI noted "compliance-oriented bureaucratised management...poor organisational and information systems sometimes left staff struggling to deliver care effectively and disempowered them from initiating improvement"[74].
The Mayo Clinic reported a case study of promoting physician control, social connectedness, and excellence/meaningfullness[75].
See also
- Job satisfaction
- Stress (medicine)
- Compassion fatigue
- Industrial and organizational psychology
- The poetry of Edna St. Vincent Millay: "My candle burns at both ends/It will not last the night."
References
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), Professional Burnout (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Maslach, Christina; Jackson, Susan E. (1981). "The measurement of experienced burnout". Journal of Organizational Behavior. Wiley-Blackwell. 2 (2): 99–113. doi:10.1002/job.4030020205. ISSN 0894-3796.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Schaufeli, Wilmar B.; Bakker, Arnold B.; Salanova, Marisa (2016). "The Measurement of Work Engagement With a Short Questionnaire". Educational and Psychological Measurement. 66 (4): 701–716. doi:10.1177/0013164405282471. ISSN 0013-1644.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Porath, Christine, et al. "Thriving at work: Toward its measurement, construct validation, and theoretical refinement." Journal of Organizational Behavior 33.2 (2012): 250-275. doi:10.1002/job.756
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Hildenbrand K, Sacramento CA, Binnewies C (2016). "Transformational Leadership and Burnout: The Role of Thriving and Followers' Openness to Experience". J Occup Health Psychol. doi:10.1037/ocp0000051. PMID 27631555.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Vinje HF, Mittelmark MB (2007). "Job engagement's paradoxical role in nurse burnout". Nurs Health Sci. 9 (2): 107–11. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2018.2007.00310.x. PMID 17470184.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Dyrbye LN, West CP, Satele D, Boone S, Tan L, Sloan J; et al. (2014). "Burnout among U.S. medical students, residents, and early career physicians relative to the general U.S. population". Acad Med. 89 (3): 443–51. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000000134. PMID 24448053.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Shanafelt TD, Boone S, Tan L, Dyrbye LN, Sotile W, Satele D; et al. (2012). "Burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance among US physicians relative to the general US population". Arch Intern Med. 172 (18): 1377–85. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3199. PMID 22911330.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Shanafelt TD, Hasan O, Dyrbye LN, Sinsky C, Satele D, Sloan J; et al. (2015). "Changes in Burnout and Satisfaction With Work-Life Balance in Physicians and the General US Working Population Between 2011 and 2014". Mayo Clin Proc. 90 (12): 1600–13. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.023. PMID 26653297.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Shanafelt TD, West CP, Sinsky C, Trockel M, Tutty M, Satele DV; et al. (2019). "Changes in Burnout and Satisfaction With Work-Life Integration in Physicians and the General US Working Population Between 2011 and 2017". Mayo Clin Proc. 94 (9): 1681–1694. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.10.023. PMID 30803733.
- ↑ Taris TW, Stoffelsen J, Bakker AB, Schaufeli WB, van Dierendonck D (2005). "Job control and burnout across occupations". Psychol Rep. 97 (3): 955–61. doi:10.2466/pr0.97.3.955-961. PMID 16512316.
- ↑ Edwards, Samuel T.; Marino, Miguel; Balasubramanian, Bijal A.; Solberg, Leif I.; Valenzuela, Steele; Springer, Rachel; Stange, Kurt C.; Miller, William L.; Kottke, Thomas E.; Perry, Cynthia K.; Ono, Sarah; Cohen, Deborah J. (2018). "Burnout Among Physicians, Advanced Practice Clinicians and Staff in Smaller Primary Care Practices". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 33 (12): 2138–2146. doi:10.1007/s11606-018-4679-0. ISSN 0884-8734.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Cook AF, Arora VM, Rasinski KA, Curlin FA, Yoon JD (2014). "The prevalence of medical student mistreatment and its association with burnout". Acad Med. 89 (5): 749–54. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000000204. PMC 4401419. PMID 24667503.
- ↑ Association of American Medical Colleges. Medical School Graduation Questionnaire: All Schools Summary Report. Association of American Medical Colleges; Washington, DC
- ↑ Dyrbye L et al (2018). A Pragmatic Approach for Organizations to Measure Health Care Professional Well-Being. National Academy of Medicine
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Eckleberry-Hunt J, Kirkpatrick H, Barbera T (2017). "The Problems With Burnout Research". Acad Med. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000001890. PMID 28817432.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 West CP, Shanafelt TD, Kolars JC (2011). "Quality of life, burnout, educational debt, and medical knowledge among internal medicine residents". JAMA. 306 (9): 952–60. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1247. PMID 21900135.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 West CP, Dyrbye LN, Satele DV, Sloan JA, Shanafelt TD (2012). "Concurrent validity of single-item measures of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization in burnout assessment". J Gen Intern Med. 27 (11): 1445–52. doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2015-7. PMC 3475833. PMID 22362127.
- ↑ Linzer M, Poplau S, Babbott S, Collins T, Guzman-Corrales L, Menk J; et al. (2016). "Worklife and Wellness in Academic General Internal Medicine: Results from a National Survey". J Gen Intern Med. 31 (9): 1004–10. doi:10.1007/s11606-016-3720-4. PMC 4978678. PMID 27138425.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Rohland, Barbara M.; Kruse, Gina R.; Rohrer, James E. (2004). "Validation of a single-item measure of burnout against the Maslach Burnout Inventory among physicians". Stress and Health. 20 (2): 75–79. doi:10.1002/smi.1002. ISSN 1532-3005.
- ↑ Schmoldt RA, Freeborn DK, Klevit HD. Physician burnout: recommendations for HMO managers. HMO Pract. 1994 Jun;8(2):58-63. PMID: 1013526
- ↑ Konrad TR, Williams ES, Linzer M, McMurray J, Pathman DE, Gerrity M; et al. (1999). "Measuring physician job satisfaction in a changing workplace and a challenging environment. SGIM Career Satisfaction Study Group. Society of General Internal Medicine". Med Care. 37 (11): 1174–82. PMID 10549620.
- ↑ Linzer, Mark; Guzman-Corrales, Laura; Poplau, Sara. "Preventing physician burnout - STEPS Forward". STEPSforward.org. Retrieved 2017-05-24.
- ↑ Linzer M, Poplau S (2017). "Building a Sustainable Primary Care Workforce: Where Do We Go from Here?". J Am Board Fam Med. 30 (2): 127–129. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2017.02.170014. PMID 28379818.
- ↑ Olson K, Sinsky C, Rinne ST, Long T, Vender R, Mukherjee S; et al. (2019). "Cross-sectional survey of workplace stressors associated with physician burnout measured by the Mini-Z and the Maslach Burnout Inventory". Stress Health. 35 (2): 157–175. doi:10.1002/smi.2849. PMID 30467949.
- ↑ CKristensen T, Borritz M, Villadsen E, Christensen KB. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: a new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work Stress. 2005;19(3):192–207 doi:10.1080/02678370500297720
- ↑ Klapow J, Kroenke K, Horton T, Schmidt S, Spitzer R, Williams JB (2002). "Psychological disorders and distress in older primary care patients: a comparison of older and younger samples". Psychosom Med. 64 (4): 635–43. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000021942.35402.c3. PMID 12140354.
- ↑ Dyrbye LN, Satele D, Sloan J, Shanafelt TD. Utility of a brief screening tool to identify physicians in distress. J Gen Intern Med. 2013 Mar;28(3):421-7. doi: doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2252-9. PMID: PMID 23129161
- ↑ Dyrbye LN, Satele D, Shanafelt T. Ability of a 9-Item Well-Being Index to Identify Distress and Stratify Quality of Life in US Workers. J Occup Environ Med. 2016 Aug;58(8):810-7. doi: doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000798. PMID: PMID 27294444
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Stamm, B. H. (2010). The concise ProQOL manual. Available at https://programs.caringsafely.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/ProQOL_Concise_2ndEd_12-2010.pdf
- ↑ De La Rosa GM, Webb-Murphy JA, Fesperman SF, Johnston SL (2018). "Professional quality of life normative benchmarks". Psychol Trauma. 10 (2): 225–228. doi:10.1037/tra0000263. PMID 28383935.
- ↑ McKinley, Nicola; McCain, R Scott; Convie, Liam; Clarke, Mike; Dempster, Martin; Campbell, William Jeffrey; Kirk, Stephen James (2020). "Resilience, burnout and coping mechanisms in UK doctors: a cross-sectional study". BMJ Open. 10 (1): e031765. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031765. ISSN 2044-6055.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Leiter, Michael P., and Christina Maslach. "Areas of worklife: A structured approach to organizational predictors of job burnout." Emotional and physiological processes and positive intervention strategies. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2003. 91-134. doi:10.1016/S1479-3555(03)03003-8
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Fernet, Claude; Austin, Stéphanie; Trépanier, Sarah-Geneviève; Dussault, Marc (2013). "How do job characteristics contribute to burnout? Exploring the distinct mediating roles of perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness". European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. Informa UK Limited. 22 (2): 123–137. doi:10.1080/1359432x.2011.632161. ISSN 1359-432X.
- ↑ Taris, Toon W., et al. "Job control and burnout across occupations." Psychological Reports 97.3 (2005): 955-961. doi:10.2466/pr0.97.3.955-961
- ↑ https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(19)30836-5/fulltext
- ↑ Kroth PJ, Morioka-Douglas N, Veres S, Babbott S, Poplau S, Qeadan F; et al. (2019). "Association of Electronic Health Record Design and Use Factors With Clinician Stress and Burnout". JAMA Netw Open. 2 (8): e199609. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.9609. PMID 31418810.
- ↑ Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Nachreiner F, Schaufeli WB (2001). "The job demands-resources model of burnout". J Appl Psychol. 86 (3): 499–512. PMID 11419809.
- ↑ Karasek, Robert (1990). Healthy work : stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02897-7.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Corley, M. C., Elswick, R. K., Gorman, M., & Clor, T. (2001). Development and evaluation of a moral distress scale. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 33(2), 250–256 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2001.01658.x
- ↑ Agarwal SD, Pabo E, Rozenblum R, Sherritt KM (2020). "Professional Dissonance and Burnout in Primary Care: A Qualitative Study". JAMA Intern Med. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.6326. PMID 31904796.
- ↑ Moss M, Good VS, Gozal D, Kleinpell R, Sessler CN (2016). "A Critical Care Societies Collaborative Statement: Burnout Syndrome in Critical Care Health-care Professionals. A Call for Action". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 194 (1): 106–13. doi:10.1164/rccm.201604-0708ST. PMID 27367887.
- ↑ Hu, Li‐tze; Bentler, Peter M. (1999). "Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives". Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal. 6 (1): 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118. ISSN 1070-5511.
- ↑ Shanafelt TD, Gorringe G, Menaker R, Storz KA, Reeves D, Buskirk SJ; et al. (2015). "Impact of organizational leadership on physician burnout and satisfaction". Mayo Clin Proc. 90 (4): 432–40. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.01.012. PMID 25796117.
- ↑ Arnold KA, Connelly CE, Walsh MM, Martin Ginis KA (2015). "Leadership styles, emotion regulation, and burnout". J Occup Health Psychol. 20 (4): 481–490. doi:10.1037/a0039045. PMID 25844908.
- ↑ Seltzer, J., NUMEROF, R. E., & BASS, B. M. (1989). Transformational leadership: Is it a source of more burnout and stress?. Journal of Health and Human Resources Administration, 174-185.
- ↑ Liu C, Liu S, Yang S, Wu H (2019). "Association between transformational leadership and occupational burnout and the mediating effects of psychological empowerment in this relationship among CDC employees: a cross-sectional study". Psychol Res Behav Manag. 12: 437–446. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S206636. PMC 6598747 Check
|pmc=
value (help). PMID 31297001. - ↑ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. COVID-19 Projections. Available at https://covid19.healthdata.org/united-states-of-america
- ↑ Mealer M, Moss M (2016). "Moral distress in ICU nurses". Intensive Care Med. 42 (10): 1615–1617. doi:10.1007/s00134-016-4441-1. PMC 5683387. PMID 27480316.
- ↑ Oh Y, Gastmans C (2015). "Moral distress experienced by nurses: a quantitative literature review". Nurs Ethics. 22 (1): 15–31. doi:10.1177/0969733013502803. PMID 24091351.
- ↑ Huynh C, Bowles D, Yen MS, Phillips A, Waller R, Hall L; et al. (2018). "Change implementation: the association of adaptive reserve and burnout among inpatient medicine physicians and nurses". J Interprof Care. 32 (5): 549–555. doi:10.1080/13561820.2018.1451307. PMID 29558229.
- ↑ Tawfik DS, Scheid A, Profit J, Shanafelt T, Trockel M, Adair KC; et al. (2019). "Evidence Relating Health Care Provider Burnout and Quality of Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Ann Intern Med. doi:10.7326/M19-1152. PMID 31590181.
- ↑ Welp A, Meier LL, Manser T (2014). "Emotional exhaustion and workload predict clinician-rated and objective patient safety". Front Psychol. 5: 1573. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01573. PMC 4302790. PMID 25657627.
- ↑ Cimiotti JP, Aiken LH, Sloane DM, Wu ES (2012). "Nurse staffing, burnout, and health care-associated infection". Am J Infect Control. 40 (6): 486–90. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.02.029. PMC 3509207. PMID 22854376.
- ↑ Davenport DL, Henderson WG, Mosca CL, Khuri SF, Mentzer RM (2007). "Risk-adjusted morbidity in teaching hospitals correlates with reported levels of communication and collaboration on surgical teams but not with scale measures of teamwork climate, safety climate, or working conditions". J Am Coll Surg. 205 (6): 778–84. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.07.039. PMID 18035261.
- ↑ Schaufeli,W.B.,Keijsers,G.J.,and Reis Miranda,D.(1995).“Burnout, technology use, and ICU performance,” in Organizational Risk Factors for Job Stress, eds S.L. Sauter and L.R. Murphy (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), 259–271 doi:10.1037/10173-016
- ↑ Muller IR, Eldakar-Hein ST, Ames SE, Rosen LD, Urman RD, Tsai MH (2017). "Potential Association Between Physician Burnout Rates and Operating Margins: Specialty-Specific Analysis". J Med Pract Manage. 32 (4): 233–238. PMID 29969540.
- ↑ Han S, Shanafelt TD, Sinsky CA, Awad KM, Dyrbye LN, Fiscus LC; et al. (2019). "Estimating the Attributable Cost of Physician Burnout in the United States". Ann Intern Med. 170 (11): 784–790. doi:10.7326/M18-1422. PMID 31132791.
- ↑ Mason VM, Leslie G, Clark K, Lyons P, Walke E, Butler C; et al. (2014). "Compassion fatigue, moral distress, and work engagement in surgical intensive care unit trauma nurses: a pilot study". Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 33 (4): 215–25. doi:10.1097/DCC.0000000000000056. PMID 24895952.
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 West CP, Dyrbye LN, Erwin PJ, Shanafelt TD (2016). "Interventions to prevent and reduce physician burnout: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Lancet. 388 (10057): 2272–2281. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31279-X. PMID 27692469.
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 Doolittle BR, Windish DM, Seelig CB (2013). "Burnout, coping, and spirituality among internal medicine resident physicians". J Grad Med Educ. 5 (2): 257–61. doi:10.4300/JGME-D-12-00136.1. PMC 3693690. PMID 24404269.
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|pmid=
value (help). - ↑ Jager AJ, Tutty MA, Kao AC (2017). "Association Between Physician Burnout and Identification With Medicine as a Calling". Mayo Clin Proc. 92 (3): 415–422. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.11.012. PMID 28189341.
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- ↑ Tak HJ, Curlin FA, Yoon JD (2017). "Association of Intrinsic Motivating Factors and Markers of Physician Well-Being: A National Physician Survey". J Gen Intern Med. 32 (7): 739–746. doi:10.1007/s11606-017-3997-y. PMC 5481224. PMID 28168540.
- ↑ "Erratum for PMID 21180585". Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 5 (5): 371. 2012. doi:10.1177/1756283X10363751. PMC 3437532. PMID 22973420.
- ↑ Anandarajah AP, Quill TE, Privitera MR (2018). "Adopting the Quadruple Aim: The University of Rochester Medical Center Experience: Moving from Physician Burnout to Physician Resilience". Am J Med. 131 (8): 979–986. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.04.034. PMID 29777659.
- ↑ Shanafelt TD, Kaups KL, Nelson H, Satele DV, Sloan JA, Oreskovich MR; et al. (2014). "An interactive individualized intervention to promote behavioral change to increase personal well-being in US surgeons". Ann Surg. 259 (1): 82–8. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182a58fa4. PMC 4333681. PMID 23979287.
- ↑ Benning A, Ghaleb M, Suokas A, Dixon-Woods M, Dawson J, Barber N; et al. (2011). "Large scale organisational intervention to improve patient safety in four UK hospitals: mixed method evaluation". BMJ. 342: d195. doi:10.1136/bmj.d195. PMC 3033440. PMID 21292719.
- ↑ Dixon-Woods M, Baker R, Charles K, Dawson J, Jerzembek G, Martin G; et al. (2014). "Culture and behaviour in the English National Health Service: overview of lessons from a large multimethod study". BMJ Qual Saf. 23 (2): 106–15. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2013-001947. PMC 3913222. PMID 24019507.
- ↑ Swensen S, Kabcenell A, Shanafelt T (2016). "Physician-Organization Collaboration Reduces Physician Burnout and Promotes Engagement: The Mayo Clinic Experience". J Healthc Manag. 61 (2): 105–27. PMID 27111930.
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