Milk-alkali syndrome classification: Difference between revisions

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*Laboratory abnormalities were similar to those in the acute syndrome, but the response to withdrawal of milk and alkali was quite different
*Laboratory abnormalities were similar to those in the acute syndrome, but the response to withdrawal of milk and alkali was quite different
*The muscle aches and pruritus improved slowly as the plasma calcium concentration slowly normalized
*The muscle aches and pruritus improved slowly as the plasma calcium concentration slowly normalized
*There is usually minimal or no improvement in renal function, as many patients continued to have chronic renal failure.<ref name="pmid18126919">{{cite journal |vauthors=BURNETT CH, COMMONS RR |title=Hypercalcemia without hypercalcuria or hypophosphatemia, calcinosis and renal insufficiency; a syndrome following prolonged intake of milk and alkali |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=240 |issue=20 |pages=787–94 |date=May 1949 |pmid=18126919 |doi=10.1056/NEJM194905192402001 |url=}}</ref>
*There is usually minimal or no improvement in renal function, as many patients continued to have chronic renal failure.<ref name="pmid18126919">{{cite journal |vauthors=BURNETT CH, COMMONS RR |title=Hypercalcemia without hypercalcuria or hypophosphatemia, calcinosis and renal insufficiency; a syndrome following prolonged intake of milk and alkali |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=240 |issue=20 |pages=787–94 |date=May 1949 |pmid=18126919 |doi=10.1056/NEJM194905192402001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16268810">{{cite journal |vauthors=Picolos MK, Lavis VR, Orlander PR |title=Milk-alkali syndrome is a major cause of hypercalcaemia among non-end-stage renal disease (non-ESRD) inpatients |journal=Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=566–76 |date=November 2005 |pmid=16268810 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02383.x |url=}}</ref>


[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on:
<nowiki>==References==</nowiki>
*[Classification method 1]
*[Classification method 2]
*[Classification method 3]
 
[Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on:
*[Classification method 1]
*[Classification method 2]
*[Classification method 3]
 
OR
 
Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.
 
OR
 
'''If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features:'''
 
According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].
 
OR
 
The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].
 
OR
 
There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WH}}

Revision as of 16:51, 21 April 2019

Classification

Milk- alkali syndrome may be classified as

Acute or toxemic form

  • The acute or toxemic form occurred after approximately one week of treatment
  • The symptoms are acute hypercalcemia
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • weakness
  • Mental changes with psychosis
  • Depressed sensorium
  • Severe metabolic alkalosis
  • Normal to elevated plasma phosphate concentration
  • Acute renal insufficiency
  • Withdrawal of milk and alkali led to rapid relief of symptoms and the return of normal renal function.
Subacute or Cope's syndrome
  • Patients were usually seen during therapy with milk and alkali that had been taken intermittently for years.
  • Affected patients had symptoms of both acute and chronic hypercalcemia and responded to medication withdrawal with gradual improvement. Renal function remained mildly impaired in some cases.
Chronic or Burnett's syndrome
  • Long history of high milk-alkali intake with symptoms of chronic hypercalcemia such as
  • Polyuria
  • polydipsia
  • Muscle aches, and pruritus
  • Evidence of metastatic calcifications, including band keratopathy and nephrocalcinosis
  • Laboratory abnormalities were similar to those in the acute syndrome, but the response to withdrawal of milk and alkali was quite different
  • The muscle aches and pruritus improved slowly as the plasma calcium concentration slowly normalized
  • There is usually minimal or no improvement in renal function, as many patients continued to have chronic renal failure.[1][2]

==References==

  1. ↑ BURNETT CH, COMMONS RR (May 1949). "Hypercalcemia without hypercalcuria or hypophosphatemia, calcinosis and renal insufficiency; a syndrome following prolonged intake of milk and alkali". N. Engl. J. Med. 240 (20): 787–94. doi:10.1056/NEJM194905192402001. PMID 18126919.
  2. ↑ Picolos MK, Lavis VR, Orlander PR (November 2005). "Milk-alkali syndrome is a major cause of hypercalcaemia among non-end-stage renal disease (non-ESRD) inpatients". Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 63 (5): 566–76. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02383.x. PMID 16268810.

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