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| ==Causes== | | ==Causes== |
| Following can appear as a mediastinal mass on imaging studies:
| |
| {|
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Cardiovascular causes'''
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * [[Superior vena cava obstruction]]<ref name="pmid22477372">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cohen R, Mena D, Carbajal-Mendoza R, Matos N, Karki N |title=Superior vena cava syndrome: A medical emergency? |journal=Int. J. Angiol. |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=43–6 |date=2008 |pmid=22477372 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| |
| * [[Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection]]<ref name="pmid22837866">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sears EH, Aliotta JM, Klinger JR |title=Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return presenting with adult-onset pulmonary hypertension |journal=Pulm Circ |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=250–5 |date=2012 |pmid=22837866 |pmc=3401879 |doi=10.4103/2045-8932.97637 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18595412">{{cite journal |vauthors=Broy C, Bennett S |title=Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return |journal=Mil Med |volume=173 |issue=6 |pages=523–4 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18595412 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| |
| * [[Pericardial effusion]]<ref name="pmid26317273">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vanneman MW, Fikry K, Quraishi SA, Schoenfeld W |title=A Young Man with a Mediastinal Mass and Sudden Cardiac Arrest |journal=Ann Am Thorac Soc |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=1235–9 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26317273 |doi=10.1513/AnnalsATS.201504-212CC |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10579740">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salem K, Mulji A, Lonn E |title=Echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis - the gold standard for the management of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade |journal=Can J Cardiol |volume=15 |issue=11 |pages=1251–5 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10579740 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| |
| * [[Aortic dissection]]<ref name="pmid22829842">{{cite journal| author=Brooke V, Goswami S, Mohanty A, Kasi PM| title=Aortic dissection and renal failure in a patient with severe hypothyroidism. | journal=Case Rep Med | year= 2012 | volume= 2012 | issue= | pages= 842562 | pmid=22829842 | doi=10.1155/2012/842562 | pmc=PMC3399550 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22829842 }}</ref><ref name="pmid2062514">{{cite journal| author=| title=Classification of diabetic retinopathy from fluorescein angiograms. ETDRS report number 11. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 1991 | volume= 98 | issue= 5 Suppl | pages= 807-22 | pmid=2062514 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2062514 }}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Gastrointestinal causes'''
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * [[Esophageal achalasia]]<ref name="pmid22532812">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gockel I, Müller M, Schumacher J |title=Achalasia--a disease of unknown cause that is often diagnosed too late |journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int |volume=109 |issue=12 |pages=209–14 |year=2012 |pmid=22532812 |pmc=3329145 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2012.0209 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22791940">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghoshal UC, Daschakraborty SB, Singh R |title=Pathogenesis of achalasia cardia |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=18 |issue=24 |pages=3050–7 |year=2012 |pmid=22791940 |pmc=3386318 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v18.i24.3050 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| * [[Esophageal cancer]]<ref>Nakajima S, Hattori T. Oesophageal adenocarcinoma or gastric cancer with or without eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in chronic atrophic gastritis patients: a hypothetical opinion from a systematic review. ''Aliment Pharmacol Ther.'' 2004 Jul;20 Suppl 1:54-61. PMID 15298606</ref><ref>NCI [http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/esophageal/healthprofessional#Section_57 Prevention: Dietary Factors], based on Chainani-Wu N. Diet and oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal cancer. ''Nutr Cancer'' 2002;44:104-26. PMID 12734057.</ref>
| |
| * [[Esophageal rupture]]<ref name="pmid1994204">{{cite journal |vauthors=McGovern M, Egerton MJ |title=Spontaneous perforation of the cervical oesophagus |journal=Med. J. Aust. |volume=154 |issue=4 |pages=277–8 |year=1991 |pmid=1994204 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5112482">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilson RF, Sarver EJ, Arbulu A, Sukhnandan R |title=Spontaneous perforation of the esophagus |journal=Ann. Thorac. Surg. |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=291–6 |year=1971 |pmid=5112482 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| |
| * [[Enteric duplication cysts|Esophageal duplication cyst]]<ref name="pmid25184121" />
| |
| * [[Hiatus hernia]]<ref name="pmid24503366">{{cite journal| author=Chang P, Friedenberg F| title=Obesity and GERD. | journal=Gastroenterol Clin North Am | year= 2014 | volume= 43 | issue= 1 | pages= 161-73 | pmid=24503366 | doi=10.1016/j.gtc.2013.11.009 | pmc=3920303 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24503366 }}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Pulmonary causes'''
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * [[Hilar lymphadenopathy]]<ref name="pmid247536382">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mohseni S, Shojaiefard A, Khorgami Z, Alinejad S, Ghorbani A, Ghafouri A |title=Peripheral lymphadenopathy: approach and diagnostic tools |journal=Iran J Med Sci |volume=39 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=158–70 |year=2014 |pmid=24753638 |pmc=3993046 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="radio">Lymph node enlargment. Radiopedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/lymph-node-enlargement Accessed on May 9, 2016</ref>
| |
| * [[Pneumomediastinum]]<ref name="pmid15997870">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chiu CY, Wong KS, Yao TC, Huang JL |title=Asthmatic versus non-asthmatic spontaneous pneumomediastinum in children |journal=Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=19–22 |date=March 2005 |pmid=15997870 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19411438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Iyer VN, Joshi AY, Ryu JH |title=Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: analysis of 62 consecutive adult patients |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=84 |issue=5 |pages=417–21 |date=May 2009 |pmid=19411438 |pmc=2676124 |doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(11)60560-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="DionísioMartins2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dionísio|first1=Patrícia|last2=Martins|first2=Luís|last3=Moreira|first3=Susana|last4=Manique|first4=Alda|last5=Macedo|first5=Rita|last6=Caeiro|first6=Fátima|last7=Boal|first7=Luísa|last8=Bárbara|first8=Cristina|title=Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: experience in 18 patients during the last 12 years|journal=Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia|volume=43|issue=2|year=2017|pages=101–105|issn=1806-3756|doi=10.1590/s1806-37562016000000052}}</ref>
| |
| * [[Sarcoidosis]]<ref name="sar">Teirstein AS, Judson MA, Baughman RP, et al: The spectrum of biopsy sites for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 22(2):139 146, 2005.</ref><ref>Judson MA, Boan AD, Lackland DT: The clinical course of sarcoidosis: presentation, diagnosis, and treatment in a large white and black cohort in the United States. Sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and diffuse lung diseases : official journal of WASOG 2012, 29(2):119-127.</ref>
| |
| * [[Anthrax]]<ref name="urlSymptoms | Anthrax | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basics/symptoms.html |title=Symptoms | Anthrax | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="WHO">{{cite web | title = Anthrax in Humans and Animals | url = http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/anthrax_web.pdf }}</ref>
| |
| * [[Tuberculosis]]<ref name="CDC">{{cite web | title = Tuberculosis Fact Sheet | url = http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/drtb/mdrtb.htm }}</ref><ref name="Griffith_1996">{{cite journal |author=Griffith D, Kerr C |title=Tuberculosis: disease of the past, disease of the present |journal=J Perianesth Nurs |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=240-5 |year=1996 | pmid = 8964016}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''CNS diseases'''
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * [[Spina bifida|Meningocele]]<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlWhat is Spina Bifida | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/spinabifida/facts.html#ca |title=What is Spina Bifida | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15555669">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mitchell LE, Adzick NS, Melchionne J, Pasquariello PS, Sutton LN, Whitehead AS |title=Spina bifida |journal=Lancet |volume=364 |issue=9448 |pages=1885–95 |date=2004 |pmid=15555669 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17445-X |url=}}</ref>
| |
| * [[Neurilemmoma]]<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlSchwannoma | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program">{{cite web |url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/4767/schwannoma |title=Schwannoma | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Thyroid diseases'''
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * [[Goitre]]<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlBenign thyroid enlargement (non-toxic multinodular goiter): Overview">{{cite web |url=http://endocrinediseases.org/thyroid/goiter.shtml |title=Benign thyroid enlargement (non-toxic multinodular goiter): Overview |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Mediastinal tumors'''
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]]<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26174528">{{cite journal| author=Sandlund JT| title=Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children. | journal=Curr Hematol Malig Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 237-43 | pmid=26174528 | doi=10.1007/s11899-015-0277-y | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26174528 }}</ref><ref name="pmid28153383">{{cite journal| author=Armitage JO, Gascoyne RD, Lunning MA, Cavalli F| title=Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. | journal=Lancet | year= 2017 | volume= 390 | issue= 10091 | pages= 298-310 | pmid=28153383 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32407-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28153383 }}</ref>
| |
| * [[Hodgkin lymphoma]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| |
| | author = [[J. J. Goedert]], [[T. R. Cote]], [[P. Virgo]], [[S. M. Scoppa]], [[D. W. Kingma]], [[M. H. Gail]], [[E. S. Jaffe]] & [[R. J. Biggar]]
| |
| | title = Spectrum of AIDS-associated malignant disorders
| |
| | journal = [[Lancet (London, England)]]
| |
| | volume = 351
| |
| | issue = 9119
| |
| | pages = 1833–1839
| |
| | year = 1998
| |
| | month = June
| |
| | pmid = 9652666
| |
| }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| |
| | author = [[M. Tinguely]], [[R. Vonlanthen]], [[E. Muller]], [[C. C. Dommann-Scherrer]], [[J. Schneider]], [[J. A. Laissue]] & [[B. Borisch]]
| |
| | title = Hodgkin's disease-like lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with different underlying immunodeficiency states
| |
| | journal = [[Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc]]
| |
| | volume = 11
| |
| | issue = 4
| |
| | pages = 307–312
| |
| | year = 1998
| |
| | month = April
| |
| | pmid = 9578079
| |
| }}</ref>
| |
| * [[Teratoma]]<ref name="pmid26251691">{{cite journal |vauthors=No TH, Seol SH, Seo GW, Kim DI, Yang SY, Jeong CH, Hwang YH, Kim JY |title=Benign Mature Teratoma in Anterior Mediastinum |journal=J Clin Med Res |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=726–8 |date=September 2015 |pmid=26251691 |pmc=4522994 |doi=10.14740/jocmr2270w |url=}}</ref>
| |
| * [[Mediastinal germ cell tumor]]<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| * [[Thymoma]]<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| * [[Mediastinal germ cell tumor]]<ref name="pmid23225215" />
| |
| * [[Lipoma]]<ref name="pmid23225215">{{cite journal |vauthors=Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L |title=A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses |journal=Insights Imaging |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=29–52 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23225215 |doi=10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22021525">{{cite journal |vauthors=Molinari F, Bankier AA, Eisenberg RL |title=Fat-containing lesions in adult thoracic imaging |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=197 |issue=5 |pages=W795–813 |date=November 2011 |pmid=22021525 |doi=10.2214/AJR.11.6932 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| * [[Lymphangioma]]<ref name="pmid23225215" /><ref name="pmid3706240">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carr RF, Ochs RH, Ritter DA, Kenny JD, Fridey JL, Ming PM |title=Fetal cystic hygroma and Turner's syndrome |journal=Am. J. Dis. Child. |volume=140 |issue=6 |pages=580–3 |date=June 1986 |pmid=3706240 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Cystic mass'''
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * [[Mediastinal neurenteric cyst]]<ref name="pmid23225215" /><ref name="SettyHegde2005">{{cite journal|last1=Setty|first1=HAN|last2=Hegde|first2=KKS|last3=Narvekar|first3=VN|title=Neurenteric cyst of the posterior mediastinum|journal=Australasian Radiology|volume=49|issue=2|year=2005|pages=151–153|issn=0004-8461|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1673.2005.01360.x}}</ref>
| |
| * [[Pancreatic pseudocyst]]<ref name="pmid23225215" /><ref name="EltaEnestvedt2018">{{cite journal|last1=Elta|first1=Grace H|last2=Enestvedt|first2=Brintha K|last3=Sauer|first3=Bryan G|last4=Marie Lennon|first4=Anne|title=ACG Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis and Management of Pancreatic Cysts|journal=The American Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=113|issue=4|year=2018|pages=464–479|issn=0002-9270|doi=10.1038/ajg.2018.14}}</ref>
| |
| * [[Bronchogenic cyst]]<ref name="pmid23225215" />
| |
| * [[Thymic cyst]]<ref name="pmid23225215" /><ref name="KondovKondov2017">{{cite journal|last1=Kondov|first1=Goran|last2=Kondov|first2=Borislav|last3=Srceva|first3=Marija Jovanovska|last4=Damjanovski|first4=Goge|last5=Ferati|first5=Imran|last6=Karapetrov|first6=Ivan|last7=Topuzovska|first7=Irena Kondova|last8=Tanevska|first8=Nikolina|last9=Kokareva|first9=Anita|title=Giant Mediastinal Thymic Cyst|journal=PRILOZI|volume=38|issue=2|year=2017|pages=139–145|issn=1857-8985|doi=10.1515/prilozi-2017-0032}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Other'''
| |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| |
| * [[Mediastinitis]]<ref>Symptoms of mediastinitis. Right Diagnosis (2015). http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/m/mediastinitis/symptoms.htm Accessed on September 28, 2015</ref><ref name="EEE">Mediastinitis: parotid abscess complication. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology (2013). http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1808-86942014000300268&script=sci_arttext Accessed on September 28, 2015</ref>
| |
| * [[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]<ref name="pmid15818205">{{cite journal |vauthors=Silva CI, Müller NL, Fujimoto K, Johkoh T, Ajzen SA, Churg A |title=Churg-Strauss syndrome: high resolution CT and pathologic findings |journal=J Thorac Imaging |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=74–80 |date=May 2005 |pmid=15818205 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21496416">{{cite journal |vauthors=Feng RE, Xu WB, Shi JH, Mahmoudi A, Mu WB, Zheng WJ, Zhu YJ, Liu HR |title=Pathological and high resolution CT findings in Churg-Strauss syndrome |journal=Chin. Med. Sci. J. |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21496416 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Causes by Organ System===
| |
| {| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| |
| | style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| |
| | style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" |
| |
| *[[Aortitis]]
| |
| *[[Aortic dissection]]
| |
| *[[Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection]]
| |
| *[[Pericardial effusion]]
| |
| *[[Superior vena cava obstruction]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Dermatologic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Dermoid cyst]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |
| |
| *Acute descending necrotizing mediastinitis
| |
| *[[Goitre]]
| |
| *[[Thyroid cancer]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Endocrine'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |
| |
| *[[Goitre]], when more than 50% of the mass is located below the thoracic inlet, is termed intrathoracic goitre<ref name="pmid9818814">{{cite journal| author=Netterville JL, Coleman SC, Smith JC, Smith MM, Day TA, Burkey BB| title=Management of substernal goiter. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 1998 | volume= 108 | issue= 11 Pt 1 | pages= 1611-7 | pmid=9818814 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> which appear as mediastinal mass.
| |
| *[[Thyroid cancer]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Environmental'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | Intrathoracic [[goitre]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |
| |
| *[[Esophageal achalasia]]
| |
| *[[Esophageal cancer]]
| |
| *[[Esophageal rupture]] leading to [[pneumomediastinum]] secondary to excessive [[vomiting]].
| |
| *[[Hiatus hernia]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Genetic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Hematologic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |
| |
| *[[Hilar lymphadenopathy]]
| |
| *[[Lymphoma]]
| |
| *[[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]]
| |
| *[[Thymoma]]
| |
| *Mediastinal [[lymphangiomas]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Iatrogenic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Mediastinitis]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Infectious Disease'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |
| |
| *Acute descending necrotizing mediastinitis <ref>MKSAP 11: Medical knowledge self-assessment program. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians, 1998:966-7.</ref> <ref>Corsten MJ, Shamji FM, Odell PF, Frederico JA, Laframboise GG, Reid KR, et al. Optimal treatment of descending necrotising mediastinitis. Thorax 1997;52:702-8. </ref> <ref>Wheatley MJ, Stirling MC, Kirsch MM, Gago O, Orringer MB. Descending necrotizing mediastinitis: transcervical drainage is not enough. Ann Thorac Surg 1990;49:780-4.</ref> <ref>Estrera AS, Landay MJ, Grisham JM, Sinn DP, Platt MR. Descending necrotizing mediastinitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1983;157:545-52. </ref> <ref>Alsoub H, Chacko KC. Descending necrotising mediastinitis. Postgrad Med J 1995;71:98-101.</ref> Dental infections are the cause in 60-70% of the cases<ref name="pmid10760723">{{cite journal| author=Sakamoto H, Aoki T, Kise Y, Watanabe D, Sasaki J| title=Descending necrotizing mediastinitis due to odontogenic infections. | journal=Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod | year= 2000 | volume= 89 | issue= 4 | pages= 412-9 | pmid=10760723 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10760723 }} </ref>. Can also occur secondary to head and neck infections. [[Streptococcus|Hemolytic group streptococci]] and [[Bacteroides]] species are the common organisms.
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| *[[Anthrax]]- This is a classic finding associated with inhalational [[anthrax]]. A widened mediastinum was found in 7 of the first 10 victims infected by anthrax (''[[Bacillus anthracis]]'') in 2001.<ref name="pmid11747719">{{cite journal |author=Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA, ''et al'' |title=Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=933–44 |year=2001 |pmid=11747719 |doi=}}</ref>
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| *[[Mediastinitis]]
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| *[[Tularemia]]
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| *Mediastinal [[abscess]]
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| *[[Histoplasmosis]]
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| *[[Psittacosis]]
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| *[[Tuberculosis]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Neurologic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | Mediastinal [[neurilemmoma]] may originate from right phrenic nerve<ref name="pmid10064956">{{cite journal| author=Hirose H, Ohmori K, Nakaoka Y, Kitamura K, Muramatsu T, Namiki Y et al.| title=[Mediastinal neurilemmoma originating in the right phrenic nerve: a case report]. | journal=Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi | year= 1998 | volume= 36 | issue= 12 | pages= 1027-31 | pmid=10064956 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>, intrathoracic vagal nerve<ref name="pmid8152184">{{cite journal| author=Ito I, Komota K, Nakajima T, Ishibashi K, Kawazoe K| title=[A case of mediastinal neurilemmoma originating from the intrathoracic vagal nerve]. | journal=Kyobu Geka | year= 1994 | volume= 47 | issue= 4 | pages= 325-7 | pmid=8152184 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | Intrathoracic [[goitre]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Oncologic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |
| |
| *[[Esophageal cancer]]
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| *[[Lymphoma]]
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| *[[Mediastinal germ cell tumor]]
| |
| *[[Mediastinal tumor]]
| |
| *[[Mediastinal mass]]
| |
| *[[Neurilemmoma]]
| |
| *[[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]]
| |
| *[[Hodgkins disease]]
| |
| *[[Teratoma]]
| |
| *[[Thymoma]]
| |
| *[[Thyroid cancer]]
| |
| * Metastatis to pericardium
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Opthalmologic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | Inhaled recreational drugs such as [[cocaine]] which induced bronschospasm, increased alveolar pressure followed by alveolar rupture leading to [[interstitial emphysema]] and [[pneumomediastinum]]<ref name="pmid1416301">{{cite journal| author=Panacek EA, Singer AJ, Sherman BW, Prescott A, Rutherford WF| title=Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: clinical and natural history. | journal=Ann Emerg Med | year= 1992 | volume= 21 | issue= 10 | pages= 1222-7 | pmid=1416301 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1416301 }} </ref>.
| |
| *[[silicosis]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Psychiatric'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Pulmonary'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |
| |
| *[[Bronchogenic cyst]]
| |
| *[[Pneumomediastinum]] secondary to air leak from any part of the lung or airways into the mediastinum due to excessive coughing, sneezing.
| |
| *[[Sarcoidosis]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |
| |
| *[[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Sarcoidosis]]
| |
| *[[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
| |
| *[[Erythema nodosum]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Sexual'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Trauma'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |
| |
| *[[Pneumomediastinum]]
| |
| *Hemorrhagic [[pericardial effusion]]
| |
| *[[Chylopericardium]] refers to a communication between the pericardial sac and the thoracic duct, as a result of trauma
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Urologic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| |
| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Miscellaneous'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" |
| |
| *[[Dermoid cyst]] is thick-walled and contains various tissue materials of skin, hair, occasionally teeth, and caseous (cheesy) substance. They are usually found in the front of the chest, but rarely are located within the pericardium. If not removed, it may get infected and rupture.
| |
| *Supine AP [[chest x ray]] can yield a [[false positive]] "widened mediastinum".
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| === Causes in Alphabetical Order ===
| |
| *[[Anthrax]]: This is a classic finding associated with inhaled [[anthrax]]. A widened mediastinum was found in 7 of the first 10 victims infected ''Bacillus anthracis'' in 2001.<ref name="pmid11747719">{{cite journal |author=Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA, ''et al'' |title=Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=933–44 |year=2001 |pmid=11747719 |doi=}}</ref>
| |
| *[[Aortic dissection]]
| |
| *[[Bronchogenic cyst]]
| |
| *[[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Esophageal achalasia]]
| |
| *[[Esophageal cancer]]
| |
| *[[Esophageal rupture]]
| |
| *[[Goitre]]
| |
| *[[Hiatus hernia]]
| |
| *[[Hilar lymphadenopathy]]
| |
| *[[Lymphoma]]
| |
| *[[Mediastinal germ cell tumor]]
| |
| *[[Mediastinitis]]
| |
| *[[Neurilemmoma]]
| |
| *[[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]]
| |
| *[[Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection]]
| |
| *[[Pericardial effusion]]
| |
| *[[Pneumomediastinum]]
| |
| *[[Sarcoidosis]]
| |
| *[[Superior vena cava obstruction]]
| |
| *[[Teratoma]]
| |
| *[[Thymoma]]
| |
| *[[Thyroid cancer]]
| |
| *[[Tuberculosis]]
| |
|
| |
|
| ==References== | | ==References== |