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{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''Trophoblast glycoprotein''', also known as '''TPBG''', '''5T4''', '''Wnt-Activated Inhibitory Factor 1''' or '''WAIF1''', is a human protein encoded by a ''TPBG'' [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TPBG trophoblast glycoprotein| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=7162| accessdate = }}</ref> TPBG is an antagonist of [[Wnt signaling pathway|Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway]].<ref name="pmid24582434">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhao Y, Malinauskas T, Harlos K, Jones EY | title = Structural insights into the inhibition of Wnt signaling by cancer antigen 5T4/Wnt-activated inhibitory factor 1 | journal = Structure | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 612–20 | date = Apr 2014 | pmid = 24582434 | doi = 10.1016/j.str.2014.01.009 | pmc=3988984}}</ref>
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| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Clinical significance ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =  
| Name = Trophoblast glycoprotein
| HGNCid = 12004
| Symbol = TPBG
| AltSymbols =; 5T4; 5T4-AG; M6P1
| OMIM = 190920
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 4859
| MGIid = 1341264
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_TPBG_203476_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005887 |text = integral to plasma membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006928 |text = cell motility}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007155 |text = cell adhesion}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 7162
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000146242
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_006661
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_006670
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 6
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 83130067
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 83137264
    | Hs_Uniprot = Q13641
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 21983
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000035274
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_011627
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_035757
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 9
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 85639128
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 85642702
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q3UPI2
  }}
}}
'''Trophoblast glycoprotein''', also known as '''TPBG''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: TPBG trophoblast glycoprotein| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=7162| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
5T4 is an [[antigen]] expressed in a number of [[carcinoma]]s.<ref name="pmid9855063">{{cite journal | vauthors = Starzynska T, Wiechowska-Kozlowska A, Marlicz K, Bromley M, Roberts SA, Lawniczak M, Kolodziej B, Zyluk A, Stern PL | title = 5T4 oncofetal antigen in gastric carcinoma and its clinical significance | journal = European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 479–84 | date = Jun 1998 | pmid = 9855063 | doi = 10.1097/00042737-199806000-00008 }}</ref> It is an N-glycosylated transmembrane 72 kDa [[glycoprotein]] containing eight [[leucine-rich repeat]]s.<ref name="pmid24582434"/> 5T4 is often referred to as an ''oncofetal antigen'' due to its expression in [[foetus|foetal]] [[trophoblast]] (where it was first discovered) or [[trophoblast]] [[glycoprotein]] (TPBG).
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =  
| summary_text =  
}}


==References==
5T4 is found in [[tumor]]s including the [[Colorectal cancer|colorectal]], [[ovarian cancer|ovarian]], and [[gastric cancer|gastric]]. Its expression is used as a prognostic aid in these cases. It has very limited expression in normal tissue but is widespread in [[cancer|malignant tumours]] throughout their development. One study found that 5T4 was present in 85% of a cohort of 72 colorectal carcinomas and in 81% of a cohort of 27 gastric carcinomas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Starzynska T, Rahi V, Stern PL | title = The expression of 5T4 antigen in colorectal and gastric carcinoma | journal = British Journal of Cancer | volume = 66 | issue = 5 | pages = 867–9 | date = Nov 1992 | pmid = 1419629 | pmc = 1977963 | doi=10.1038/bjc.1992.375}}</ref>
{{reflist|2}}
 
==Further reading==
Its confined expression appears to give 5T4 the potential to be a target for T cells in cancer [[immunotherapy]]. There has been extensive research into its role in [[antibody]]-directed immunotherapy through the use of the high-affinity [[murine]] [[monoclonal antibody]], mAb5T4, to deliver response modifiers (such as [[staphylococcus aureus]] [[superantigen]]) accurately to a tumor.
 
5T4 is also the target of the [[cancer vaccine]] [[TroVax]] which is in clinical trials for the treatment of a range of different [[solid tumour]] types.
 
== Interactions ==
 
TPBG has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[GIPC1]].<ref name=pmid11798178>{{cite journal | vauthors = Awan A, Lucic MR, Shaw DM, Sheppard F, Westwater C, Lyons SA, Stern PL | title = 5T4 interacts with TIP-2/GIPC, a PDZ protein, with implications for metastasis | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 290 | issue = 3 | pages = 1030–6 | date = Jan 2002 | pmid = 11798178 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6288 }}</ref>
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{clear}}
 
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Carsberg CJ, Myers KA, Evans GS, Allen TD, Stern PL | title = Metastasis-associated 5T4 oncofoetal antigen is concentrated at microvillus projections of the plasma membrane | journal = Journal of Cell Science | volume = 108 | issue =  8| pages = 2905–16 | date = Aug 1995 | pmid = 7593330 | doi =  | series = 108 }}
| citations =
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Myers KA, Rahi-Saund V, Davison MD, Young JA, Cheater AJ, Stern PL | title = Isolation of a cDNA encoding 5T4 oncofetal trophoblast glycoprotein. An antigen associated with metastasis contains leucine-rich repeats | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 269 | issue = 12 | pages = 9319–24 | date = Mar 1994 | pmid = 8132670 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Carsberg CJ, Myers KA, Evans GS, ''et al.'' |title=Metastasis-associated 5T4 oncofoetal antigen is concentrated at microvillus projections of the plasma membrane. |journal=J. Cell. Sci. |volume=108 ( Pt 8) |issue=  |pages= 2905-16 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7593330 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Carsberg CJ, Myers KA, Stern PL | title = Metastasis-associated 5T4 antigen disrupts cell-cell contacts and induces cellular motility in epithelial cells | journal = International Journal of Cancer | volume = 68 | issue = 1 | pages = 84–92 | date = Sep 1996 | pmid = 8895545 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19960927)68:1<84::AID-IJC15>3.0.CO;2-6 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Myers KA, Rahi-Saund V, Davison MD, ''et al.'' |title=Isolation of a cDNA encoding 5T4 oncofetal trophoblast glycoprotein. An antigen associated with metastasis contains leucine-rich repeats. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=269 |issue= 12 |pages= 9319-24 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8132670 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = King KW, Sheppard FC, Westwater C, Stern PL, Myers KA | title = Organisation of the mouse and human 5T4 oncofoetal leucine-rich glycoprotein genes and expression in foetal and adult murine tissues | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 1445 | issue = 3 | pages = 257–70 | date = Jun 1999 | pmid = 10366710 | doi = 10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00055-x }}
*{{cite journal | author=Carsberg CJ, Myers KA, Stern PL |title=Metastasis-associated 5T4 antigen disrupts cell-cell contacts and induces cellular motility in epithelial cells. |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=68 |issue= 1 |pages= 84-92 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8895545 |doi= 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19960927)68:1<84::AID-IJC15>3.0.CO;2-6 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Awan A, Lucic MR, Shaw DM, Sheppard F, Westwater C, Lyons SA, Stern PL | title = 5T4 interacts with TIP-2/GIPC, a PDZ protein, with implications for metastasis | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 290 | issue = 3 | pages = 1030–6 | date = Jan 2002 | pmid = 11798178 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6288 }}
*{{cite journal | author=King KW, Sheppard FC, Westwater C, ''et al.'' |title=Organisation of the mouse and human 5T4 oncofoetal leucine-rich glycoprotein genes and expression in foetal and adult murine tissues. |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=1445 |issue= 3 |pages= 257-70 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10366710 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Shaw DM, Woods AM, Myers KA, Westwater C, Rahi-Saund V, Davies MJ, Renouf DV, Hounsell EF, Stern PL | title = Glycosylation and epitope mapping of the 5T4 glycoprotein oncofoetal antigen | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 363 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 137–45 | date = Apr 2002 | pmid = 11903056 | pmc = 1222460 | doi = 10.1042/0264-6021:3630137 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Awan A, Lucic MR, Shaw DM, ''et al.'' |title=5T4 interacts with TIP-2/GIPC, a PDZ protein, with implications for metastasis. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=290 |issue= 3 |pages= 1030-6 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11798178 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6288 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mulryan K, Ryan MG, Myers KA, Shaw D, Wang W, Kingsman SM, Stern PL, Carroll MW | title = Attenuated recombinant vaccinia virus expressing oncofetal antigen (tumor-associated antigen) 5T4 induces active therapy of established tumors | journal = Molecular Cancer Therapeutics | volume = 1 | issue = 12 | pages = 1129–37 | date = Oct 2002 | pmid = 12481437 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Shaw DM, Woods AM, Myers KA, ''et al.'' |title=Glycosylation and epitope mapping of the 5T4 glycoprotein oncofoetal antigen. |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=363 |issue= Pt 1 |pages= 137-45 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11903056 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Otsuki T, Ota T, Nishikawa T, Hayashi K, Suzuki Y, Yamamoto J, Wakamatsu A, Kimura K, Sakamoto K, Hatano N, Kawai Y, Ishii S, Saito K, Kojima S, Sugiyama T, Ono T, Okano K, Yoshikawa Y, Aotsuka S, Sasaki N, Hattori A, Okumura K, Nagai K, Sugano S, Isogai T | title = Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries | journal = DNA Research | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 117–26 | year = 2007 | pmid = 16303743 | doi = 10.1093/dnares/12.2.117 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ward CM, Eastham AM, Stern PL | title = Cell surface 5T4 antigen is transiently upregulated during early human embryonic stem cell differentiation: effect of 5T4 phenotype on neural lineage formation | journal = Experimental Cell Research | volume = 312 | issue = 10 | pages = 1713–26 | date = Jun 2006 | pmid = 16616918 | doi = 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.02.006 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Mulryan K, Ryan MG, Myers KA, ''et al.'' |title=Attenuated recombinant vaccinia virus expressing oncofetal antigen (tumor-associated antigen) 5T4 induces active therapy of established tumors. |journal=Mol. Cancer Ther. |volume=1 |issue= 12 |pages= 1129-37 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12481437 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Smyth LJ, Elkord E, Taher TE, Jiang HR, Burt DJ, Clayton A, van Veelen PA, de Ru A, Ossendorp F, Melief CJ, Drijfhout JW, Dermime S, Hawkins RE, Stern PL | title = CD8 T-cell recognition of human 5T4 oncofetal antigen | journal = International Journal of Cancer | volume = 119 | issue = 7 | pages = 1638–47 | date = Oct 2006 | pmid = 16646078 | doi = 10.1002/ijc.22018 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, ''et al.'' |title=The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. |journal=Nature |volume=425 |issue= 6960 |pages= 805-11 |year= 2003 |pmid= 14574404 |doi= 10.1038/nature02055 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Okazaki S, Sekizawa A, Purwosunu Y, Farina A, Wibowo N, Okai T | title = Placenta-derived, cellular messenger RNA expression in the maternal blood of preeclamptic women | journal = Obstetrics and Gynecology | volume = 110 | issue = 5 | pages = 1130–6 | date = Nov 2007 | pmid = 17978129 | doi = 10.1097/01.AOG.0000286761.11436.67 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, ''et al.'' |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121-7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Otsuki T, Ota T, Nishikawa T, ''et al.'' |title=Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries. |journal=DNA Res. |volume=12 |issue= 2 |pages= 117-26 |year= 2007 |pmid= 16303743 |doi= 10.1093/dnares/12.2.117 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ward CM, Eastham AM, Stern PL |title=Cell surface 5T4 antigen is transiently upregulated during early human embryonic stem cell differentiation: effect of 5T4 phenotype on neural lineage formation. |journal=Exp. Cell Res. |volume=312 |issue= 10 |pages= 1713-26 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16616918 |doi= 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.02.006 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Smyth LJ, Elkord E, Taher TE, ''et al.'' |title=CD8 T-cell recognition of human 5T4 oncofetal antigen. |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=119 |issue= 7 |pages= 1638-47 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16646078 |doi= 10.1002/ijc.22018 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Okazaki S, Sekizawa A, Purwosunu Y, ''et al.'' |title=Placenta-derived, cellular messenger RNA expression in the maternal blood of preeclamptic women. |journal=Obstetrics and gynecology |volume=110 |issue= 5 |pages= 1130-6 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17978129 |doi= 10.1097/01.AOG.0000286761.11436.67 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{protein-stub}}
[[Category:Immunology]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
 
 
{{gene-6-stub}}

Latest revision as of 22:07, 25 November 2017

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Ensembl

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UniProt

n/a

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Trophoblast glycoprotein, also known as TPBG, 5T4, Wnt-Activated Inhibitory Factor 1 or WAIF1, is a human protein encoded by a TPBG gene.[1] TPBG is an antagonist of Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway.[2]

Clinical significance

5T4 is an antigen expressed in a number of carcinomas.[3] It is an N-glycosylated transmembrane 72 kDa glycoprotein containing eight leucine-rich repeats.[2] 5T4 is often referred to as an oncofetal antigen due to its expression in foetal trophoblast (where it was first discovered) or trophoblast glycoprotein (TPBG).

5T4 is found in tumors including the colorectal, ovarian, and gastric. Its expression is used as a prognostic aid in these cases. It has very limited expression in normal tissue but is widespread in malignant tumours throughout their development. One study found that 5T4 was present in 85% of a cohort of 72 colorectal carcinomas and in 81% of a cohort of 27 gastric carcinomas.[4]

Its confined expression appears to give 5T4 the potential to be a target for T cells in cancer immunotherapy. There has been extensive research into its role in antibody-directed immunotherapy through the use of the high-affinity murine monoclonal antibody, mAb5T4, to deliver response modifiers (such as staphylococcus aureus superantigen) accurately to a tumor.

5T4 is also the target of the cancer vaccine TroVax which is in clinical trials for the treatment of a range of different solid tumour types.

Interactions

TPBG has been shown to interact with GIPC1.[5]

References

  1. ↑ "Entrez Gene: TPBG trophoblast glycoprotein".
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Zhao Y, Malinauskas T, Harlos K, Jones EY (Apr 2014). "Structural insights into the inhibition of Wnt signaling by cancer antigen 5T4/Wnt-activated inhibitory factor 1". Structure. 22 (4): 612–20. doi:10.1016/j.str.2014.01.009. PMC 3988984. PMID 24582434.
  3. ↑ Starzynska T, Wiechowska-Kozlowska A, Marlicz K, Bromley M, Roberts SA, Lawniczak M, Kolodziej B, Zyluk A, Stern PL (Jun 1998). "5T4 oncofetal antigen in gastric carcinoma and its clinical significance". European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 10 (6): 479–84. doi:10.1097/00042737-199806000-00008. PMID 9855063.
  4. ↑ Starzynska T, Rahi V, Stern PL (Nov 1992). "The expression of 5T4 antigen in colorectal and gastric carcinoma". British Journal of Cancer. 66 (5): 867–9. doi:10.1038/bjc.1992.375. PMC 1977963. PMID 1419629.
  5. ↑ Awan A, Lucic MR, Shaw DM, Sheppard F, Westwater C, Lyons SA, Stern PL (Jan 2002). "5T4 interacts with TIP-2/GIPC, a PDZ protein, with implications for metastasis". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 290 (3): 1030–6. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.6288. PMID 11798178.

Further reading

  • Carsberg CJ, Myers KA, Evans GS, Allen TD, Stern PL (Aug 1995). "Metastasis-associated 5T4 oncofoetal antigen is concentrated at microvillus projections of the plasma membrane". Journal of Cell Science. 108. 108 (8): 2905–16. PMID 7593330.
  • Myers KA, Rahi-Saund V, Davison MD, Young JA, Cheater AJ, Stern PL (Mar 1994). "Isolation of a cDNA encoding 5T4 oncofetal trophoblast glycoprotein. An antigen associated with metastasis contains leucine-rich repeats". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (12): 9319–24. PMID 8132670.
  • Carsberg CJ, Myers KA, Stern PL (Sep 1996). "Metastasis-associated 5T4 antigen disrupts cell-cell contacts and induces cellular motility in epithelial cells". International Journal of Cancer. 68 (1): 84–92. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19960927)68:1<84::AID-IJC15>3.0.CO;2-6. PMID 8895545.
  • King KW, Sheppard FC, Westwater C, Stern PL, Myers KA (Jun 1999). "Organisation of the mouse and human 5T4 oncofoetal leucine-rich glycoprotein genes and expression in foetal and adult murine tissues". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1445 (3): 257–70. doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00055-x. PMID 10366710.
  • Awan A, Lucic MR, Shaw DM, Sheppard F, Westwater C, Lyons SA, Stern PL (Jan 2002). "5T4 interacts with TIP-2/GIPC, a PDZ protein, with implications for metastasis". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 290 (3): 1030–6. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.6288. PMID 11798178.
  • Shaw DM, Woods AM, Myers KA, Westwater C, Rahi-Saund V, Davies MJ, Renouf DV, Hounsell EF, Stern PL (Apr 2002). "Glycosylation and epitope mapping of the 5T4 glycoprotein oncofoetal antigen". The Biochemical Journal. 363 (Pt 1): 137–45. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3630137. PMC 1222460. PMID 11903056.
  • Mulryan K, Ryan MG, Myers KA, Shaw D, Wang W, Kingsman SM, Stern PL, Carroll MW (Oct 2002). "Attenuated recombinant vaccinia virus expressing oncofetal antigen (tumor-associated antigen) 5T4 induces active therapy of established tumors". Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 1 (12): 1129–37. PMID 12481437.
  • Otsuki T, Ota T, Nishikawa T, Hayashi K, Suzuki Y, Yamamoto J, Wakamatsu A, Kimura K, Sakamoto K, Hatano N, Kawai Y, Ishii S, Saito K, Kojima S, Sugiyama T, Ono T, Okano K, Yoshikawa Y, Aotsuka S, Sasaki N, Hattori A, Okumura K, Nagai K, Sugano S, Isogai T (2007). "Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries". DNA Research. 12 (2): 117–26. doi:10.1093/dnares/12.2.117. PMID 16303743.
  • Ward CM, Eastham AM, Stern PL (Jun 2006). "Cell surface 5T4 antigen is transiently upregulated during early human embryonic stem cell differentiation: effect of 5T4 phenotype on neural lineage formation". Experimental Cell Research. 312 (10): 1713–26. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.02.006. PMID 16616918.
  • Smyth LJ, Elkord E, Taher TE, Jiang HR, Burt DJ, Clayton A, van Veelen PA, de Ru A, Ossendorp F, Melief CJ, Drijfhout JW, Dermime S, Hawkins RE, Stern PL (Oct 2006). "CD8 T-cell recognition of human 5T4 oncofetal antigen". International Journal of Cancer. 119 (7): 1638–47. doi:10.1002/ijc.22018. PMID 16646078.
  • Okazaki S, Sekizawa A, Purwosunu Y, Farina A, Wibowo N, Okai T (Nov 2007). "Placenta-derived, cellular messenger RNA expression in the maternal blood of preeclamptic women". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 110 (5): 1130–6. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000286761.11436.67. PMID 17978129.


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