Sandbox: Cardiogenic Shock: Difference between revisions

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! style="width:20%" | '''Clinical Definition'''
! style="width:15%" | '''Clinical Definition'''
! style="width:20%" | '''SHOCK Trial'''
! style="width:20%" | '''SHOCK Trial'''
! style="width:15%" | '''IABP-SHOCK II'''
! style="width:20%" | '''IABP-SHOCK II'''
! style="width:10%" | '''ESC HF Guidelines'''
! style="width:10%" | '''ESC HF Guidelines'''
! style="width:10%" | '''SHOCK Trial'''
! style="width:10%" | '''SHOCK Trial'''

Revision as of 16:25, 3 November 2017


Template:Cardiogenic Shock - 2017 Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1],Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Arzu Kalayci, M.D. [2]

AHA SCIENTIFIC STATEMENT - 2017

Contemporary Management of Cariogenic Shock

Pragmatic and Clinical Trial Definitions of Cardiogenic Shock

Clinical Definition SHOCK Trial IABP-SHOCK II ESC HF Guidelines
Cardiac disorder that results in both clinical and biochemical evidence of tissue hypoperfusion Clinical criteria:

SBP <90 mmHg for ≥30 min OR

Support to maintain SBP ≥90 mmHg AND

End-organ hypoperfusion (urine output <30 mL/h or cool extremities)

Hemodynamic criteria:

CI of ≤2.2 L·min−1·m−2 AND PCWP ≥15 mmHg

Clinical criteria:

SBP <90 mmHg for ≥30 min OR Catecholamines to maintain SBP >90 mmHg AND

Clinical pulmonary congestion

AND

Impaired end-organ perfusion (altered mental status, cold/clammy skin and extremities, urine output <30 mL/h, or lactate >2.0 mmol/L)

SBP <90 mmHg with adequate volume and clinical or laboratory signs of hypoperfusion

Clinical hypoperfusion:

Cold extremities, oliguria, mental confusion, dizziness, narrow pulse pressure Laboratory hypoperfusion:

Metabolic acidosis, elevated serum lactate, elevated serum creatinine

CI indicates cardiac index; CS, cardiogenic shock; ESC, European Society of Cardiology; HF, heart failure; IABP-SHOCK II, Intraaortic Balloon Pump in Cardiogenic Shock II; LV, left ventricular; MI, myocardial infarction; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; and SHOCK, Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cariogenic Shock

Potential Hemodynamic Presentations of Cardiogenic Shock

Volume Status
Peripheral Circulation Cold Classic Cardiogenic Shock or Mixed Shock (↓Cl; ↑SVRI; ↑PCWP) Euvolemic Cardiogenic Shock (↓Cl; ↑SVRI;↔PCWP)
Warm Vasodilatory Cardiogenic Shock or Mixed Shock (↓Cl; ↓/↔SVRI;↑PCWP) Vasodilatory Shock (Not Cardiogenic Shock) (↑Cl; ↓SVRI; ↓PCWP)
CI indicates cardiac index; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; and SVRI, systemic vascular resistance index.

Considerations for Initial Critical Care Monitoring in Patients With Cardiogenic Shock

Monitoring Parameter Frequency Comment/Rationale
Noninvasive Monitoring
Telemetry, pulse oximetry, respiratory rate Continuous High incidence of arrhythmias, ventilator failure, and pulmonary edema
Critical care unit monitoring 1:1 Nurse-to-patient ratio High incidence of hemodynamic deterioration and multisystem organ failure
Invasive monitoring
Arterial BP monitoring Continuous Consider continuing until vasoactive medications have been discontinued for 12–24 h
CVP Continuous A central line is required for delivery of vasoactive medications; single-point-in-time CVP measurements may be unreliable measures of uid status, but longitudinal CVP trends may provide information on trends in fluid status
Central venous oxygen saturation Every 4 h Trends in central venous oxygen saturation in patients with a central line can be used to help monitor trends in cardiac output
Urine output Every hour Urine output and serum creatinine monitoring are markers of renal perfusion and acute kidney injury
PAC or noninvasive cardiac output monitor Selected use Consider using early in the treatment course in patients not responsive to initial therapy or in cases of diagnostic or therapeutic uncertainty
Laboratory Investigations
Complete blood counts Every 12–24 h Consider more frequently in patients with CS with, or at high risk for, bleeding
Serum electrolytes Every 6–12 h Frequency should be tailored to risks or presence of renal failure and electrolyte dycrasias
Serum creatinine Every 12–24 h Urine output and serum creatinine monitoring are markers of renal perfusion and acute kidney injury
Liver function tests Daily Monitoring for congestive hepatopathy and hypo perfusion
Lactate Every 1–4 h Lactate clearance is a marker of resolving end-organ hypoperfusion, and lack of clearance is associated with a higher risk of mortality
Coagulation laboratories Every 4–6 h for those on anticoagulants until therapeutically stable, every 24 h if patient is not on anticoagulants Altered drug elimination and frequent use of mechanical support devices often necessitate antithrombotic monitoring
BP indicates blood pressure; CS, cardiogenic shock; CVP, central venous pressure; and PAC, pulmonary artery catheter.

Mechanism of Action and Hemodynamic Effects of Common Vasoactive Medications in Cardiogenic Shock

Clinical Definition SHOCK Trial IABP-SHOCK II ESC HF Guidelines SHOCK Trial IABP-SHOCK II ESC HF Guidelines
Receptor Binding
Medication Usual Infusion Dose α1 β1 β2 Dopamine Hemodynamic Effects
Vasopressor/inotropes
Dopamine 0.5–2 μg·kg-¹·min-¹ + +++ ↑CO
5–10 μg·kg-¹·min-¹ + +++ + ++ ↑↑CO, ↑SVR
10–20 μg·kg-¹·min-¹ +++ ++ ++ ↑↑SVR, ↑CO
Norepinephrine 0.05–0.4 μg·kg-¹·min-¹ ++++ ++ + ↑↑SVR, ↑CO
Epinephrine 0.01–0.5 μg·kg-¹·min-¹ ++++ ++++ +++ ↑↑CO, ↑↑SVR
Phenylephrine 0.1–10 μg·kg-¹·min-¹ +++ ↑↑SVR
Vasopressin 0.02–0.04 U/min Stimulates V1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle ↑↑SVR, ↔PVR
Inodilators
Dobutamine 2.5–20 μg·kg-¹·min-¹ + ++++ ++ ↑↑CO, ↓SVR, ↓PVR
Isoproterenol 2.0–20 μg/min ++++ +++ ↑↑CO, ↓SVR, ↓PVR
Milrinone 0.125–0.75 μg·kg-¹·min-¹ PD-3 inhibitor ↑CO, ↓SVR, ↓PVR
Enoximone 2–10 μg·kg-¹·min-¹ PD-3 inhibitor ↑CO, ↓SVR, ↓PVR
Levosimendan 0.05–0.2 μg·kg-¹·min-¹ Myoflament Ca²+ sensitizer, PD-3 inhibitor ↑CO, ↓SVR, ↓PVR
CO indicates cardiac output; CS, cardiogenic shock; PD-3, phosphodiesterase-3; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; and SVR, systemic vascular resistance.