Mycoplasma pneumonia pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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{{Mycoplasma pneumonia}} | {{Mycoplasma pneumonia}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
''Mycoplasma pneumoniae'' is transmitted through airborne droplets from person-to-person. ''M. pneumoniae'' is primarily an extracellular pathogen that has evolved a specialized attachment organelle for close association with host cells. The organism's tropism for respiratory epithelial cells and its synthesis of hydrogen peroxide aid in the pathogenesis of ''Mycoplasma''. Additionally, ''Mycoplasma'' produces community acquired respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) toxin, a unique virulence factor which activates the host's inflammatory pathways and airway dysfunction. | |||
==Pathophysiology== | |||
===Transmission=== | |||
*''Mycoplasma'' is thought to be exclusively a human pathogen.<ref> Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/about/history-patterns.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016</ref> | |||
*''Mycoplasma pneumoniae'' is transmitted through airborne droplets from person-to-person. | |||
*Incubation period ranges from 1 to 4 weeks.<ref> Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/about/history-patterns.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016</ref> | |||
===Host Invasion=== | |||
*''M. pneumoniae'' is primarily an extracellular pathogen that has evolved a specialized attachment organelle for close association with host cells.<ref> Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/about/history-patterns.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016</ref> | |||
*''M. pneumoniae''’s attachment is important to the survival and existence of the bacterium within the host. | |||
*The close association between ''M. pneumoniae'' and the host cells prevents the bacterium from being eliminated by the host’s mucociliary clearance mechanisms. | |||
*The bacterium attaches to and damages the respiratory epithelial cells at the base of cilia, activating the innate immune response and producing local cytotoxic effects.<ref> Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/about/history-patterns.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016</ref> | |||
Once attached to the mucosa of a host organism, ''M. pneumonia'' extracts nutrients, grows and reproduces by [[binary fission]]. | |||
*While ''M. pneumoniae'' primarily lives on the surface of the respiratory epithelial cells, it has also been shown to invade tissues and replicate intracellularly. | |||
*The endocytosis of ''M. pneumoniae'' by the host cells could aid in the establishment of a latent or chronic disease state, facilitate the bacterium in evading an immune response, or interfere with the efficacy of certain drug therapies.<ref> Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/about/history-patterns.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016</ref> | |||
*''M. pneumoniae'' has the following features which aid in its pathogenesis:<ref> Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/about/history-patterns.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016</ref> | |||
:*Tropism for respiratory epithelial cells | |||
:*Production of hydrogen peroxide, which may damage the respiratory tract and membranes of red blood cells | |||
*Attachment sites include the upper and lower respiratory tract, causing [[pharyngitis]], [[bronchitis]] and [[pneumonia]]. | |||
===Virulence Factor - CARDS Toxin=== | |||
*''M. pneumoniae'' produces community acquired respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) toxin, a unique virulence factor.<ref> Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/about/history-patterns.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016</ref> | |||
*The CARDS toxin most likely aids in the colonization and pathogenic pathways of ''M. pneumoniae'', leading to activation of cytokines, inflammation, and airway dysfunction.<ref> Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/about/history-patterns.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
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[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Pulmonology]] | [[Category:Pulmonology]] | ||
Revision as of 22:24, 7 February 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is transmitted through airborne droplets from person-to-person. M. pneumoniae is primarily an extracellular pathogen that has evolved a specialized attachment organelle for close association with host cells. The organism's tropism for respiratory epithelial cells and its synthesis of hydrogen peroxide aid in the pathogenesis of Mycoplasma. Additionally, Mycoplasma produces community acquired respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) toxin, a unique virulence factor which activates the host's inflammatory pathways and airway dysfunction.
Pathophysiology
Transmission
- Mycoplasma is thought to be exclusively a human pathogen.[1]
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae is transmitted through airborne droplets from person-to-person.
- Incubation period ranges from 1 to 4 weeks.[2]
Host Invasion
- M. pneumoniae is primarily an extracellular pathogen that has evolved a specialized attachment organelle for close association with host cells.[3]
- M. pneumoniae’s attachment is important to the survival and existence of the bacterium within the host.
- The close association between M. pneumoniae and the host cells prevents the bacterium from being eliminated by the host’s mucociliary clearance mechanisms.
- The bacterium attaches to and damages the respiratory epithelial cells at the base of cilia, activating the innate immune response and producing local cytotoxic effects.[4]
Once attached to the mucosa of a host organism, M. pneumonia extracts nutrients, grows and reproduces by binary fission.
- While M. pneumoniae primarily lives on the surface of the respiratory epithelial cells, it has also been shown to invade tissues and replicate intracellularly.
- The endocytosis of M. pneumoniae by the host cells could aid in the establishment of a latent or chronic disease state, facilitate the bacterium in evading an immune response, or interfere with the efficacy of certain drug therapies.[5]
- M. pneumoniae has the following features which aid in its pathogenesis:[6]
- Tropism for respiratory epithelial cells
- Production of hydrogen peroxide, which may damage the respiratory tract and membranes of red blood cells
- Attachment sites include the upper and lower respiratory tract, causing pharyngitis, bronchitis and pneumonia.
Virulence Factor - CARDS Toxin
- M. pneumoniae produces community acquired respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) toxin, a unique virulence factor.[7]
- The CARDS toxin most likely aids in the colonization and pathogenic pathways of M. pneumoniae, leading to activation of cytokines, inflammation, and airway dysfunction.[8]
References
- ↑ Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/about/history-patterns.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016
- ↑ Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/about/history-patterns.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016
- ↑ Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/about/history-patterns.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016
- ↑ Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/about/history-patterns.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016
- ↑ Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/about/history-patterns.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016
- ↑ Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/about/history-patterns.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016
- ↑ Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/about/history-patterns.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016
- ↑ Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/about/history-patterns.html Accessed on Feb 10 2016