Coxiella burnetii: Difference between revisions

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'''''Coxiella burnetii''''' is an [[Obligate intracellular parasite|obligate intracellular]] [[bacterium|bacterial]] pathogen, and is the causative agent of [[Q fever]]. The genus ''Coxiella'' is morphologically similar to ''[[Rickettsia]]'', but with a variety of genetic and physiological differences. ''C. burnetii'' is a small [[Gram-negative]] bacterium that is highly resistant to environmental stresses such as high temperature, osmotic pressure, and ultraviolet light. These characteristics are attributed to a small cell variant form of the organism that is part of a biphasic developmental cycle, including a more metabolically and replicatively active large cell variant form.<ref>{{Citation |last=Voth |first=D. E. |last2=Heinzen |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2007 |title=Lounging in a lysosome: The intracellular lifestyle of Coxiella burnetii |journal=Cellular Microbiology |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=1829–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00901.x |pmid=17381428}}</ref> It can survive standard disinfectants, and is resistant to many other environmental changes like those presented in the [[phagolysosome]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last = Sankaran | first = Neeraja | encyclopedia = Microbes and people : an A-Z of microorganisms in our lives | title = Coxiella burnetii | year = 2000 | publisher = The Oryx Press | location = Phoenix, Arizona | isbn = 1-57356-217-3 | pages = 72}} "In contrast to other rickettsiae, which are highly sensitive and easily killed by chemical disinfectants and changes in their surroundings, C. burnetii is highly resistant" & {{cite web | date=2003-02-13 | url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/qfever/index.htm |title=Q fever | publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Infectious Diseases; Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases; Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch | accessdate=2006-05-24}}
'''''Coxiella burnetii''''' is an [[Obligate intracellular parasite|obligate intracellular]] [[bacterium|bacterial]] pathogen, and is the causative agent of [[Q fever]]. The genus ''Coxiella'' is morphologically similar to ''[[Rickettsia]]'', but with a variety of genetic and physiological differences. ''C. burnetii'' is a small [[Gram-negative]] bacterium that is highly resistant to environmental stresses such as high temperature, osmotic pressure, and ultraviolet light. These characteristics are attributed to a small cell variant form of the organism that is part of a biphasic developmental cycle, including a more metabolically and replicatively active large cell variant form.<ref>{{Citation |last=Voth |first=D. E. |last2=Heinzen |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2007 |title=Lounging in a lysosome: The intracellular lifestyle of Coxiella burnetii |journal=Cellular Microbiology |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=1829–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00901.x |pmid=17381428}}</ref> It can survive standard disinfectants, and is resistant to many other environmental changes like those presented in the [[phagolysosome]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last = Sankaran | first = Neeraja | encyclopedia = Microbes and people : an A-Z of microorganisms in our lives | title = Coxiella burnetii | year = 2000 | publisher = The Oryx Press | location = Phoenix, Arizona | isbn = 1-57356-217-3 | pages = 72}} "In contrast to other rickettsiae, which are highly sensitive and easily killed by chemical disinfectants and changes in their surroundings, C. burnetii is highly resistant" & {{cite web | date=2003-02-13 | url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/qfever/index.htm |title=Q fever | publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Infectious Diseases; Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases; Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch | accessdate=2006-05-24}}
  "The organisms are resistant to heat, drying, and many common disinfectants."</ref>
  "The organisms are resistant to heat, drying, and many common disinfectants."</ref>
==History and naming==
Research in the 1920s and 1930s identified what appeared to be a new type of ''Rickettsia'', isolated from [[tick]]s, that was able to pass through [[Air filter|filters]]. The first description of what may have been ''Coxiella burnetii'' was published in 1925 by [[Hideyo Noguchi]], but, since his samples did not survive, it remains unclear as to whether it was the same organism. The definitive descriptions were published in the late 1930s as part of research into the cause of [[Q fever]], by [[Edward Holbrook Derrick]] and [[Macfarlane Burnet]] in Australia, and [[Herald Rea Cox]] and [[Gordon Davis (scientist)|Gordon Davis]] at the [[Rocky Mountain Laboratory]] (RML) in the United States.<ref name="historical">{{citation |first=Joseph E. |last=McDade |chapter=Historical Aspects of Q Fever |title=Q Fever, Volume I: The Disease |editor-first=Thomas J. |editor-last=Marrie |publisher=CRC Press |year=1990 |isbn=0-8493-5984-8 |pages=5–22 }}</ref>
The RML team proposed the name ''Rickettsia diaporica'', derived from the Greek word for having the ability to pass through filter pores, to avoid naming it after either Cox or Davis if indeed Noguchi's description had priority. Around the same time, Derrick proposed the name ''Rickettsia burnetii'', in recognition of Burnet's contribution in identifying the organism as a ''Rickettsia''. As it became clear that the species differed significantly from other ''Rickettsia'', it was first elevated to a subgenus named after Cox, ''Coxiella'', and then in 1948 to its own genus of that name, proposed by [[Cornelius B. Philip]], another RML researcher.<ref name="historical" />
''Coxiella'' was difficult to study because it could not be reproduced outside a host. However, in 2009, scientists reported a technique allowing the bacteria to grow in an [[axenic]] culture and suggested the technique may be useful for study of other pathogens.<ref>{{Citation |last=Omsland |first=Anders |last2=Cockrell |first2=Diane C. |last3=Howe |first3=Dale |last4=Fischer |first4=Elizabeth R. |last5=Virtaneva |first5=Kimmo |last6=Sturdevant |first6=Daniel E. |last7=Porcella |first7Stephen F.= |last8=Heinzen |first8=Robert A. |year=2009 |title=Host cell-free growth of the Q fever bacterium ''Coxiella burnetii'' |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=106 |issue=11 |pages=4430–4434 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0812074106 |pmid=19246385 |pmc=2657411}}</ref>
==Pathogenesis==
==Pathogenesis==
[[File:Immunohistochemical detection of Coxiella burnetii in resected cardiac valve of a 60-year-old man with Q fever endocarditis.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Immunohistochemical detection of Coxiella burnetii in resected cardiac valve of a 60-year-old man with Q fever endocarditis, Cayenne, French Guiana. Monoclonal antibody against C. burnetii and hematoxylin were used for staining. Original magnification ×50.]]
[[File:Immunohistochemical detection of Coxiella burnetii in resected cardiac valve of a 60-year-old man with Q fever endocarditis.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Immunohistochemical detection of Coxiella burnetii in resected cardiac valve of a 60-year-old man with Q fever endocarditis, Cayenne, French Guiana. Monoclonal antibody against C. burnetii and hematoxylin were used for staining. Original magnification ×50.]]
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The bacteria use a Type IVB secretion system known as Icm/Dot to inject effector proteins called Ank proteins into the host. These effectors increase the bacteria's ability to survive inside the host cell. In ''[[Legionella pneumophila]]'', which uses the same secretion system and also injects Ank proteins, survival is enhanced because these Ank proteins interfere with fusion of the bacteria-containing vacuole with the host's degradation [[endosome]]s.<ref>{{Citation |last=Pan |first=X. |last2=Lührmann |first2=A. |last3=Satoh |first3=A. |last4=Laskowski-Arce |first4=M. A. |last5=Roy |first5=C. R. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2008 |title=Ankyrin repeat proteins comprise a diverse family of bacterial type IV effectors |journal=Science |volume=320 |issue=5883 |pages=1651–1654 |doi=10.1126/science.1158160 |pmid=18566289 |pmc=2514061}}</ref>
The bacteria use a Type IVB secretion system known as Icm/Dot to inject effector proteins called Ank proteins into the host. These effectors increase the bacteria's ability to survive inside the host cell. In ''[[Legionella pneumophila]]'', which uses the same secretion system and also injects Ank proteins, survival is enhanced because these Ank proteins interfere with fusion of the bacteria-containing vacuole with the host's degradation [[endosome]]s.<ref>{{Citation |last=Pan |first=X. |last2=Lührmann |first2=A. |last3=Satoh |first3=A. |last4=Laskowski-Arce |first4=M. A. |last5=Roy |first5=C. R. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2008 |title=Ankyrin repeat proteins comprise a diverse family of bacterial type IV effectors |journal=Science |volume=320 |issue=5883 |pages=1651–1654 |doi=10.1126/science.1158160 |pmid=18566289 |pmc=2514061}}</ref>
==Use as a biological weapon==
The United States ended its [[biological warfare]] program in 1969. When it did, ''C. burnetii'' was one of seven agents it had standardized as biological weapons.<ref name=croddyhart>Croddy, Eric C. and Hart, C. Perez-Armendariz J., ''Chemical and Biological Warfare'', ([http://books.google.com/books?id=fGp53P6ijqsC&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=chemical+corps+korean+war&source=web&ots=jp78usJez9&sig=1mLxK5_APeDB5fxAh9J3W1ouyMg&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result#PPA31,M1 Google Books]), Springer, 2002, pp. 30-31, (ISBN 0387950761), accessed October 24, 2008.</ref>


==Genomics==
==Genomics==
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==Additional images==
{{Commons category|Coxiella burnetti}}
<gallery>
File:Coxiella_burnetii_01.JPG|''C. burnetii'', the causative agent of [[Q fever]]
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Legionellales]]
[[Category:Legionellales]]
[[Category:Biological weapons]]
[[Category:Gram-negative bacteria]]
[[Category:Gram-negative bacteria]]
[[Category:Bacteria with sequenced genomes]]
[[Category:Bacteria with sequenced genomes]]

Revision as of 19:39, 3 August 2015

Coxiella burnetii
A dry fracture of a Vero cell exposing the contents of a vacuole where Coxiella burnetii are busy growing.
A dry fracture of a Vero cell exposing the contents of a vacuole where Coxiella burnetii are busy growing.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Legionellales
Family: Coxiellaceae
Genus: Coxiella
Species: C. burnetii
Binomial name
Coxiella burnetii
(Derrick 1939)
Philip 1948

Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen, and is the causative agent of Q fever. The genus Coxiella is morphologically similar to Rickettsia, but with a variety of genetic and physiological differences. C. burnetii is a small Gram-negative bacterium that is highly resistant to environmental stresses such as high temperature, osmotic pressure, and ultraviolet light. These characteristics are attributed to a small cell variant form of the organism that is part of a biphasic developmental cycle, including a more metabolically and replicatively active large cell variant form.[1] It can survive standard disinfectants, and is resistant to many other environmental changes like those presented in the phagolysosome.[2]

Pathogenesis

Immunohistochemical detection of Coxiella burnetii in resected cardiac valve of a 60-year-old man with Q fever endocarditis, Cayenne, French Guiana. Monoclonal antibody against C. burnetii and hematoxylin were used for staining. Original magnification ×50.

The ID50 (the dose needed to infect 50% of experimental subjects) is one via inhalation; i.e., inhalation of one organism will yield disease in 50% of the population. This is an extremely low infectious dose (only 1-10 organisms required), making C. burnetii one of the most infectious known organisms.[3][4] Disease occurs in two stages: an acute stage that presents with headaches, chills, and respiratory symptoms, and an insidious chronic stage.

While most infections clear up spontaneously, treatment with tetracycline or doxycycline appears to reduce the symptomatic duration and reduce the likelihood of chronic infection. A combination of erythromycin and rifampin is highly effective in curing the disease, and vaccination with Q-VAX vaccine (CSL) is effective for prevention of it. [Source?]

The bacteria use a Type IVB secretion system known as Icm/Dot to inject effector proteins called Ank proteins into the host. These effectors increase the bacteria's ability to survive inside the host cell. In Legionella pneumophila, which uses the same secretion system and also injects Ank proteins, survival is enhanced because these Ank proteins interfere with fusion of the bacteria-containing vacuole with the host's degradation endosomes.[5]

Genomics

There are currently at least 5 completely sequenced genomes of Coxiella burnetti [6] which contain about 2.1 Mbp of DNA each and encode around 2,100 open reading frames. 746 (or about 35%) of these genes have no known function.


References

  1. ↑ Voth, D. E. & Heinzen (2007), "Lounging in a lysosome: The intracellular lifestyle of Coxiella burnetii", Cellular Microbiology, 9 (4): 1829–840, doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00901.x, PMID 17381428
  2. ↑ Sankaran, Neeraja (2000). "Coxiella burnetii". Microbes and people : an A-Z of microorganisms in our lives. Phoenix, Arizona: The Oryx Press. p. 72. ISBN 1-57356-217-3. "In contrast to other rickettsiae, which are highly sensitive and easily killed by chemical disinfectants and changes in their surroundings, C. burnetii is highly resistant" & "Q fever". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Infectious Diseases; Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases; Viral and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch. 2003-02-13. Retrieved 2006-05-24. "The organisms are resistant to heat, drying, and many common disinfectants."
  3. ↑ "Airborne Q fever". 25. September 1961: 285–93. PMC 441106. PMID 13921201.
  4. ↑ Q fever caused by Coxiella burnetii
  5. ↑ Pan, X.; Lührmann, A.; Satoh, A.; Laskowski-Arce, M. A. & Roy, C. R. (2008), "Ankyrin repeat proteins comprise a diverse family of bacterial type IV effectors", Science, 320 (5883): 1651–1654, doi:10.1126/science.1158160, PMC 2514061, PMID 18566289
  6. ↑ "Coxiella genomes in the PATRIC database". Retrieved 1 October 2012.

External links

Template:Gram-negative proteobacterial bacterial diseases

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