Salmonellosis historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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Salmonela was initially isolated from the intestines of pigs, by Salmon, an American veterinary pathologist. The bacteria was first associated with hog cholera by Theobald Smith in 1885. However, the disease was later discovered to be associated with a viral infection, with secondary infection due to Salmonella. | Salmonela was initially isolated from the intestines of pigs, by Salmon, an American veterinary pathologist. The bacteria was first associated with hog cholera by Theobald Smith in 1885. However, the disease was later discovered to be associated with a viral infection, with secondary infection due to Salmonella. | ||
Typhoid fever was confused with typhus prior to the 19th century. It was only in 1829 that P. Luis, in Paris, after the studying the spleen and intestinal lymph nodes was able to distinguish typhoid from other types of fever. Additionally, P. Luis described the hemorrhage, intestinal perforation and rose spots related to the disease. | |||
William Jenner, in 1850, was the first to question the difference between typhoid fever and typhus in the English literature. According to him, [[typhoid]] was associated with enlarged [[mesenteric lymph nodes]] and [[Peyer's patches]]. He also noted that history of [[typhoid]] protected the individual from further disease, which did not happen in [[typhus]]. The term [[enteric fever]] was first introduced by Wilson, who in 1869 suggested it after the anatomic region where [[infection]] occurred. Today both nomenclatures are used, with preference given to [[enteric fever]]. | |||
The [[transmission]] of [[typhoid fever]] was only described in 1873 by Budd, who demonstrated that the disease could be transmitted by fomites, food and water.<ref name="pmid18009937">{{cite journal| author=Budd W| title=TYPHOID FEVER ITS NATURE, MODE OF SPREADING, AND PREVENTION. | journal=Am J Public Health (N Y) | year= 1918 | volume= 8 | issue= 8 | pages= 610-2 | pmid=18009937 | doi= | pmc=PMC1362304 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18009937 }} </ref> | |||
In 1884, Gaffkey isolated the bacterium in Germany, from the spleen of patients with the disease. | |||
The first typhoid vaccine was only made in 1896 by Pfeiffer and Kalle, using | |||
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In 1896, Pfeiffer and Kalle made the first typhoid vaccine with heat-killed organisms.7 In the same year Widal and others demonstrated that convalescent sera from typhoid patients caused the organisms to “stick together in large balls and lose their motility.”8 Widal coined the term agglutinin to describe this observation. The antigenic classification or serotyping of Salmo- nella used today is a result of years of study of antibody interactions with bacterial surface antigens by Kauffman and White during the 1920s to 1940s.9 In 1948, Theodore Woodward and colleagues reported the suc- cessful treatment of Malaysian typhoid patients with chloromycetin,10 and the modern age of antimicrobial therapy for typhoid fever began. In 1952, Zinder and Lederberg, using S. Typhimurium, discovered genetic transduction, the transfer of genetic information from one cell to another by a virus particle (bacteriophage P22).11 Ames and co- workers in 1973 reported the development of the Ames test, which uses S. Typhimurium auxotrophic mutants to test the mutagenic activity of chemical compounds.12 At present Salmonella pathogenesis is studied widely in animal and tissue culture models of mammalian infection as an important model of host-parasite interactions. | |||
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Revision as of 18:23, 22 August 2014
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2] Jolanta Marszalek, M.D. [3]
Overview
Historical Perspective
Salmonela was initially isolated from the intestines of pigs, by Salmon, an American veterinary pathologist. The bacteria was first associated with hog cholera by Theobald Smith in 1885. However, the disease was later discovered to be associated with a viral infection, with secondary infection due to Salmonella.
Typhoid fever was confused with typhus prior to the 19th century. It was only in 1829 that P. Luis, in Paris, after the studying the spleen and intestinal lymph nodes was able to distinguish typhoid from other types of fever. Additionally, P. Luis described the hemorrhage, intestinal perforation and rose spots related to the disease.
William Jenner, in 1850, was the first to question the difference between typhoid fever and typhus in the English literature. According to him, typhoid was associated with enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. He also noted that history of typhoid protected the individual from further disease, which did not happen in typhus. The term enteric fever was first introduced by Wilson, who in 1869 suggested it after the anatomic region where infection occurred. Today both nomenclatures are used, with preference given to enteric fever.
The transmission of typhoid fever was only described in 1873 by Budd, who demonstrated that the disease could be transmitted by fomites, food and water.[1]
In 1884, Gaffkey isolated the bacterium in Germany, from the spleen of patients with the disease.
The first typhoid vaccine was only made in 1896 by Pfeiffer and Kalle, using