Salmonellosis historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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{{Salmonellosis}} | {{Salmonellosis}} | ||
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
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==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
Salmonela was initially isolated from the intestines of pigs, by Salmon, an American veterinary pathologist. The bacteria was first associated with hog cholera by Theobald Smith in 1885. However, the disease was later discovered to be associated with a viral infection, with secondary infection due to Salmonella. | Salmonela was initially isolated from the intestines of pigs, by Salmon, an American veterinary pathologist. The bacteria was first associated with hog cholera by Theobald Smith in 1885. However, the disease was later discovered to be associated with a viral infection, with secondary infection due to Salmonella. | ||
Typhoid fever was confused with typhus prior to the 19th century. It was only in 1829 that P. Luis, in Paris, after the studying the spleen and intestinal lymph nodes was able to distinguish typhoid from other types of fever. Additionally, P. Luis described the hemorrhage, intestinal perforation and rose spots related to the disease. | |||
William Jenner, in 1850, was the first to question the difference between typhoid fever and typhus in the english literature. According to him, typhoid was associated with enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. | |||
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He distinguished typhoid based on the pathologic evidence of enlargement of the Peyer’s patches and mesenteric lymph nodes. Jenner also noted that prior attacks of typhoid protected against subsequent attacks; this was not the case for typhus. In 1869, Wilson proposed the term enteric fever as an alterna- tive to typhoid fever, given the anatomic site of infection.4 Though enteric fever remains a more accurate term, the use of the term typhoid persists today. | |||
In 1873 Budd demonstrated that food, water, and fomites could transmit typhoid fever.5 Gaffkey in Germany isolated the typhoid bacil- lus in 1884 from the spleens of infected patients.6 In 1896, Pfeiffer and Kalle made the first typhoid vaccine with heat-killed organisms.7 In the same year Widal and others demonstrated that convalescent sera from typhoid patients caused the organisms to “stick together in large balls and lose their motility.”8 Widal coined the term agglutinin to describe this observation. The antigenic classification or serotyping of Salmo- nella used today is a result of years of study of antibody interactions with bacterial surface antigens by Kauffman and White during the 1920s to 1940s.9 In 1948, Theodore Woodward and colleagues reported the suc- cessful treatment of Malaysian typhoid patients with chloromycetin,10 and the modern age of antimicrobial therapy for typhoid fever began. In 1952, Zinder and Lederberg, using S. Typhimurium, discovered genetic transduction, the transfer of genetic information from one cell to another by a virus particle (bacteriophage P22).11 Ames and co- workers in 1973 reported the development of the Ames test, which uses S. Typhimurium auxotrophic mutants to test the mutagenic activity of chemical compounds.12 At present Salmonella pathogenesis is studied widely in animal and tissue culture models of mammalian infection as an important model of host-parasite interactions. | In 1873 Budd demonstrated that food, water, and fomites could transmit typhoid fever.5 Gaffkey in Germany isolated the typhoid bacil- lus in 1884 from the spleens of infected patients.6 In 1896, Pfeiffer and Kalle made the first typhoid vaccine with heat-killed organisms.7 In the same year Widal and others demonstrated that convalescent sera from typhoid patients caused the organisms to “stick together in large balls and lose their motility.”8 Widal coined the term agglutinin to describe this observation. The antigenic classification or serotyping of Salmo- nella used today is a result of years of study of antibody interactions with bacterial surface antigens by Kauffman and White during the 1920s to 1940s.9 In 1948, Theodore Woodward and colleagues reported the suc- cessful treatment of Malaysian typhoid patients with chloromycetin,10 and the modern age of antimicrobial therapy for typhoid fever began. In 1952, Zinder and Lederberg, using S. Typhimurium, discovered genetic transduction, the transfer of genetic information from one cell to another by a virus particle (bacteriophage P22).11 Ames and co- workers in 1973 reported the development of the Ames test, which uses S. Typhimurium auxotrophic mutants to test the mutagenic activity of chemical compounds.12 At present Salmonella pathogenesis is studied widely in animal and tissue culture models of mammalian infection as an important model of host-parasite interactions. | ||
Revision as of 18:08, 22 August 2014
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2] Jolanta Marszalek, M.D. [3]
Overview
Historical Perspective
Salmonela was initially isolated from the intestines of pigs, by Salmon, an American veterinary pathologist. The bacteria was first associated with hog cholera by Theobald Smith in 1885. However, the disease was later discovered to be associated with a viral infection, with secondary infection due to Salmonella.
Typhoid fever was confused with typhus prior to the 19th century. It was only in 1829 that P. Luis, in Paris, after the studying the spleen and intestinal lymph nodes was able to distinguish typhoid from other types of fever. Additionally, P. Luis described the hemorrhage, intestinal perforation and rose spots related to the disease.
William Jenner, in 1850, was the first to question the difference between typhoid fever and typhus in the english literature. According to him, typhoid was associated with enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches.