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| {{drugbox
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| | IUPAC_name = 2,6-diisopropylphenol
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| | image = Propofol-skeletal.png
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| | width = 200px
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| | image2 = Propofol3d.png
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| | width2 = 220px
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| | CAS_number = 2078-54-8
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| | ATC_prefix = N01
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| | ATC_suffix = AX10
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| | ATC_supplemental =
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| | PubChem = 4943
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| | DrugBank = APRD01201
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| | C = 12 |H = 18 |O = 1
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| | molecular_weight = 178.271 [[Gram|g]]/[[Mole (unit)|mol]]
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| | bioavailability = NA
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| | protein_bound = 95 to 99%
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| | metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] [[glucuronidation]]
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| | excretion = [[Kidney|Renal]]
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| | elimination_half-life = 30 to 60 [[minute|min]]
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| | pregnancy_category = B <small>([[United States|U.S.]])</small>, C <small>([[Australia|Au]])</small>
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| | legal_status = [[Prescription drug|℞-only]] <small>(U.S.)</small>
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| | routes_of_administration = [[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]]
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| }}
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| {{SI}}
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| {{EH}}
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| '''Propofol''' is a short-acting [[intravenous]] anesthetic agent used for the induction of general [[anesthesia]] in adult patients and pediatric patients older than 3 years of age; maintenance of general anesthesia in adult patients and pediatric patients older than 2 months of age; and [[sedation]] in medical contexts, such as [[intensive care unit]] (ICU) sedation for intubated, mechanically ventilated adults, and in procedures such as [[colonoscopy]]. It provides no [[analgesia]].<ref>Miner JR, Burton JH. Clinical practice advisory: Emergency department procedural sedation with propofol. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2007 Aug;50(2):182-7, 187.e1. Epub 2007 Feb 23.</ref>
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| Propofol is approved for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia in more than 50 countries.
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| It is also commonly used in [[veterinary medicine]] and many [[Veterinary anesthesia|veterinary anaesthetists]] regard it as the induction agent of choice for small animals (dogs, cats etc) as it can be administered to effect, reducing the risk of accidental overdose.
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| ==Chemistry==
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| [[Image:Propofol.jpg|150px|left|thumb|20 ml ampoule of 1% propofol [[emulsion]]]]
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| Propofol is a water-immiscible oil and so cannot be injected ''per se''. Originally developed by ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries) as ICI 35868, initial clinical trials followed in 1977 in a form solubilised in [[cremophor EL]]. However, due to [[Anaphylaxis|anaphylactic reactions]] it was withdrawn from the market and subsequently reformulated as an [[emulsion]] of a soya oil/propofol mixture in water. This was re-launched in 1986 by [[AstraZeneca]] with the brand name '''Diprivan''' (shortened version of '''DI-isoPRopyl IV ANesthetic'''). The current preparation is 1% propofol, 10% soybean oil and 1.2% purified egg phospholipid (emulsifier), with 2.25% of glycerol as a [[tonicity]] adjusting agent, and sodium hydroxide to adjust the pH. Diprivan contains [[EDTA]] as an antimicrobial agent. Newer generic formulations contain [[sodium metabisulfite]] or [[benzyl alcohol]]. Propofol emulsion appears as a highly opaque white fluid due to the scattering of light from the tiny (~150 nm) oil droplets that it contains.
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| A water soluble form of the drug, propofol phosphate, has recently been developed and tested in animals with positive results, being rapidly broken down once in the body to form propofol. This new formulation might well have superior properties for use in humans such as being more readily injectable and perhaps without the pain at injection site that often occurs with the traditional form of the drug.<ref>Banaszczyk MG, Carlo AT, Millan V, Lindsey A, Moss R, Carlo DJ, Hendler SS. Propofol phosphate, a water-soluble propofol prodrug: in vivo evaluation. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 Nov;95(5):1285-92</ref> Fospropofol disodium is rapidly converted into propofol by the enzyme [[alkaline phosphatase]], and is now being developed for human use under the brand name Aquavan.[http://investors.mgipharma.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=73842&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=798077&highlight=]
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| ==Pharmacology==
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| Propofol is highly protein bound ''in vivo'' and is metabolised by conjugation in the liver. Its rate of clearance exceeds hepatic blood flow, suggesting an extrahepatic site of elimination as well. Its mechanism of action is uncertain, but it is postulated that its primary effect may be potentiation of the [[GABA A receptor|GABA-A]] receptor, possibly by slowing the channel closing time. Recent research has also suggested the [[endocannabinoid]] system may contribute significantly to Propofol's anesthetic action and to its unique properties.<ref>Fowler, CJ. "Possible involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the actions of three clinically used drugs." ''Trends Pharmacol. Sci.'' 2004 Feb;25(2):59-61.</ref>
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| The elimination half-life of propofol has been estimated to be between 2–24 hours. However, its duration of clinical effect is much shorter because propofol is rapidly distributed into peripheral tissues, and its effects therefore wear off considerably within even a half hour of injection. This, together with its rapid effect (within minutes of injection) and the moderate amnesia it induces makes it an ideal drug for IV sedation.
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| ==Side effects==
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| Aside from the hypotension (mainly through vasodilatation) and transient [[apnea]] following induction doses, one of propofol's most frequent side effects is pain on injection, especially in smaller veins. This pain can be mitigated by pretreatment with [[lidocaine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drugs.com/MMX/Propofol.html|title=Propofol Drug Information,Professional|publisher=[http://drugs.com drugs.com]|accessdate=2007-01-02}}</ref> Patients tend to show great variability in their response to propofol, at times showing profound sedation with small doses. A more serious but rare side effect is [[dystonia]]. Mild [[myoclonic]] movements are not uncommon, as with other intravenous hypnotic agents. Propofol appears to be safe for use in [[porphyria]], and has not been known to trigger [[malignant hyperpyrexia]].
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| Another recently described rare, but serious, side effect is ''propofol infusion syndrome''. This potentially lethal metabolic derangement has been reported in critically-ill patients after a prolonged infusion of high-dose propofol in combination with [[catecholamine]]s and/or [[corticosteroid]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vasile B, Rasulo F, Candiani A, Latronico N |title=The pathophysiology of propofol infusion syndrome: a simple name for a complex syndrome |journal=Intensive care medicine |volume=29 |issue=9 |pages=1417-25 |year=2003 |pmid=12904852 |doi=10.1007/s00134-003-1905-x}}</ref>
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| Abuse of propofol as a recreational drug has been reported, usually by medical staff such as anaesthesiologists who have access to the drug. Despite a lack of analgesic properties, propofol's sedative action presumably produces euphoric effects. The steep dose response curve of the drug makes such abuse very dangerous without proper monitoring, and several deaths have been recorded.<ref>Iwersen-Bergmann S, Rösner P, Kühnau HC, Junge M, Schmoldt A. Death after excessive propofol abuse. International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2001;114(4-5):248-51.</ref><ref>Kranioti EF, Mavroforou A, Mylonakis P, Michalodimitrakis M. Lethal self administration of propofol (Diprivan). A case report and review of the literature. Forensic Science International. 2007 Mar 22;167(1):56-8. Epub 2006 Jan 23.</ref> It has been rumored and not verifed that Michael Jackson was injected with propophol.
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| == External links ==
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| * [http://www.diprivan.com/ Diprivan web site] run by [[AstraZeneca]]
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| * [http://www.drugs.com/MMX/Propofol.html Detailed pharmaceutical information]
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| {{General anesthetics}}
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| {{Sedative}}
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| [[Category:Anesthetics]]
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| [[Category:Phenols]]
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| [[de:Propofol]]
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| [[es:Propofol]]
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| [[fr:Propofol]]
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| [[ja:プロポフォール]]
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| [[no:Propofol]]
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| [[pl:Propofol]]
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| [[pt:Propofol]]
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