Enalaprilat injection: Difference between revisions
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::: Maintenance: 1.25 mg IV every 6 hours | ::: Maintenance: 1.25 mg IV every 6 hours | ||
|fdaLIADPed=FDA Package Insert for {{PAGENAME}} contains no information regarding ''safety and efficacy in pediatric patients''. | |||
|offLabelPedGuideSupport=FDA Package Insert for {{PAGENAME}} contains no information regarding ''guidelines in pediatric patients''. | |||
|contraindications=* History of [[hypersensitivity]] or [[angioedema]] related to previous treatment with an [[angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor]]. | |||
* Patients with hereditary or idiopathic angioedema. | |||
|warnings=====Anaphylactoid and Possibly Related Reactions==== | |||
Presumably because [[angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors]] affect the metabolism of [[eicosanoids]] and polypeptides, including endogenous [[bradykinin]], patients receiving ACE inhibitors (including enalaprilat) may be subject to a variety of adverse reactions, some of them serious. | |||
====Head and Neck Angioedema==== | |||
[[Angioedema]] of the face, extremities, lips, tongue, glottis and/or larynx has been reported in patients treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, including enalaprilat. This may occur at any time during treatment. In such cases enalaprilat should be promptly discontinued and appropriate therapy and monitoring should be provided until complete and sustained resolution of signs and symptoms has occurred. In instances where swelling has been confined to the face and lips the condition has generally resolved without treatment, although antihistamines have been useful in relieving symptoms. Angioedema associated with [[laryngeal edema]] may be fatal. Where there is involvement of the tongue, glottis or larynx, likely to cause airway obstruction, appropriate therapy, e.g., subcutaneous epinephrine solution 1:1000 (0.3 mL to 0.5 mL) and/or measures necessary to ensure a patent airway, should be promptly provided (see ADVERSE REACTIONS). | |||
====Intestinal Angioedema==== | |||
[[Intestinal angioedema]] has been reported in patients treated with [[ACE inhibitors]]. These patients presented with [[abdominal pain]] (with or without nausea or vomiting); in some cases there was no prior history of facial angioedema and [[C-1 esterase]] levels were normal. The angioedema was diagnosed by procedures including [[abdominal CT scan]] or ultrasound, or at surgery, and symptoms resolved after stopping the ACE inhibitor. Intestinal angioedema should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients on ACE inhibitors presenting with abdominal pain. | |||
====Anaphylactoid reactions during desensitization==== | |||
Two patients undergoing desensitizing treatment with [[hymenoptera venom]] while receiving ACE inhibitors sustained life-threatening [[anaphylactoid reactions]]. In the same patients, these reactions were avoided when ACE inhibitors were temporarily withheld, but they reappeared upon inadvertent rechallenge. | |||
====Anaphylactoid reactions during membrane exposure==== | |||
Anaphylactoid reactions have been reported in patients dialyzed with high-flux membranes and treated concomitantly with an ACE inhibitor. Anaphylactoid reactions have also been reported in patients undergoing [[low-density lipoprotein]] apheresis with dextran sulfate absorption. | |||
====Hypotension==== | |||
Excessive hypotension is rare in uncomplicated hypertensive patients treated with enalaprilat alone. Patients with heart failure given enalaprilat commonly have some reduction in blood pressure, especially with the first dose, but discontinuation of therapy for continuing symptomatic hypotension usually is not necessary when dosing instructions are followed; caution should be observed when initiating therapy. Patients at risk for excessive hypotension, sometimes associated with [[oliguria]] and/or progressive [[azotemia]], and rarely with acute renal failure and/or death, include those with the following conditions or characteristics: [[heart failure]], [[hyponatremia]], high dose diuretic therapy, recent intensive diuresis or increase in diuretic dose, [[renal dialysis]], or severe volume and/or salt depletion of any etiology. It may be advisable to eliminate the diuretic (except in patients with heart failure), reduce the diuretic dose or increase salt intake cautiously before initiating therapy with enalaprilat in patients at risk for excessive hypotension who are able to tolerate such adjustments. In patients at risk for excessive [[hypotension]], therapy should be started under very close medical supervision and such patients should be followed closely for the first two weeks of treatment and whenever the dose of enalapril and/or diuretic is increased. Similar considerations may apply to patients with [[ischemic heart]] or [[cerebrovascular disease]], in whom an excessive fall in blood pressure could result in a [[myocardial infarction]] or [[cerebrovascular accident]]. | |||
If excessive [[hypotension]] occurs, the patient should be placed in the supine position and, if necessary, receive an intravenous infusion of normal saline. A transient hypotensive response is not a contraindication to further doses of enalaprilat, which usually can be given without difficulty once the blood pressure has stabilized. If symptomatic hypotension develops, a dose reduction or discontinuation of enalaprilat or concomitant [[diuretic]] may be necessary. | |||
====Neutropenia/Agranulocytosis==== | |||
Another angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, has been shown to cause [[agranulocytosis]] and [[bone marrow depression]], rarely in uncomplicated patients but more frequently in patients with renal impairment especially if they also have a [[collagen vascular disease]]. Available data from clinical trials of enalapril are insufficient to show that enalapril does not cause agranulocytosis at similar rates. Marketing experience has revealed cases of [[neutropenia]] or [[agranulocytosis]] in which a causal relationship to enalapril cannot be excluded. Periodic monitoring of white blood cell counts in patients with collagen vascular disease and renal disease should be considered. | |||
====Hepatic Failure==== | |||
Rarely, ACE inhibitors have been associated with a syndrome that starts with [[cholestatic jaundice]] and progresses to [[fulminant hepatic necrosis]], and (sometimes) death. The mechanism of this syndrome is not understood. Patients receiving ACE inhibitors who develop [[jaundice]] or marked elevations of hepatic enzymes should discontinue the ACE inhibitor and receive appropriate medical follow-up. | |||
====Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality==== | |||
ACE inhibitors can cause fetal and neonatal morbidity and death when administered to pregnant women. Several dozen cases have been reported in the world literature. When pregnancy is detected, ACE inhibitors should be discontinued as soon as possible. | |||
In a published restrospective epidemiological study, infants whose mothers had taken an ACE inhibitor during their first trimester of pregnancy appeared to have an increased risk of major [[congenital malformations]] compared with infants whose mothers had not undergone first trimester exposure to ACE inhibitor drugs. The number of cases of birth defects is small and the findings of this study have not yet been repeated. | |||
The use of ACE inhibitors during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy has been associated with fetal and neonatal injury, including hypotension, neonatal [[skull hypoplasia]], [[anuria]], reversible or irreversible renal failure, and death. Oligohydramnios has also been reported, presumably resulting from decreased fetal renal function; [[oligohydramnios]] in this setting has been associated with fetal limb contractures, craniofacial deformation, and [[hypoplastic lung development]]. [[Prematurity]], [[intrauterine growth retardation]], and [[patent ductus arteriosus]] have also been reported, although it is not clear whether these occurrences were due to the ACE-inhibitor exposure. | |||
These adverse effects do not appear to have resulted from intrauterine ACE-inhibitor exposure that has been limited to the first trimester. Mothers whose embryos and fetuses are exposed to ACE inhibitors only during the first trimester should be so informed. Nonetheless, when patients become pregnant, physicians should make every effort to discontinue the use of enalaprilat as soon as possible. | |||
Rarely (probably less often than once in every thousand pregnancies), no alternative to ACE inhibitors will be found. In these rare cases, the mothers should be apprised of the potential hazards to their fetuses, and serial ultrasound examinations should be performed to assess the intraamniotic environment. | |||
If [[oligohydramnios]] is observed, enalaprilat should be discontinued unless it is considered lifesaving for the mother. [[Contraction stress testing]] ([[CST]]), a [[non-stress test]] ([[NST]]), or [[biophysical profiling]] ([[BPP]]) may be appropriate, depending upon the week of pregnancy. Patients and physicians should be aware, however, that oligohydramnios may not appear until after the fetus has sustained irreversible injury. | |||
Infants with histories of in utero exposure to ACE inhibitors should be closely observed for hypotension, oliguria, and [[hyperkalemia]]. If [[oliguria]] occurs, attention should be directed toward support of blood pressure and renal perfusion. Exchange transfusion or [[dialysis]] may be required as means of reversing hypotension and/or substituting for disordered renal function. Enalapril, which crosses the placenta, has been removed from [[neonatal circulation]] by [[peritoneal dialysis]] with some clinical benefit, and theoretically may be removed by [[exchange transfusion]], although there is no experience with the latter procedure. | |||
No teratogenic effects of enalapril were seen in studies of pregnant rats and rabbits. On a body surface area basis, the doses used were 57 times and 12 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human daily dose (MRHDD). | |||
}} | }} | ||
Revision as of 14:30, 3 April 2014
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Zaghw, M.D. [2], Amr Marawan, M.D. [3]
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Black Box Warning
|
USE IN PREGNANCY
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
Condition Name: When used in pregnancy during the second and third trimesters, ACE inhibitors can cause injury and even death to the developing fetus. When pregnancy is detected, Enalaprilat Injection, USP should be discontinued as soon as possible.
|
Overview
Enalaprilat injection is an Angiontensin converting enzyme inhibitor that is FDA approved for the {{{indicationType}}} of hypertension, malignant hypertension and adjunct in Kidney imaging when there is underlying renovascular hypertension. There is a Black Box Warning for this drug as shown here. Common adverse reactions include hyperkalemia (1% ), nausea (1.1% ), headache (2.9% ).
Adult Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)
- Hypertension
- Dosing Information
- Hypertension ( without diuretics): 1.25 mg IV over 5 minutes every 6 hours (MAX 5 mg/dose)
- Hypertension ( with diuretics)
- Initial: 0.625 mg IV over 5 minutes, may repeated after 1 hour as needed,
- Maintenance: 1.25 mg IV every 6 hours
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)
Pediatric Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
FDA Package Insert for Enalaprilat injection contains no information regarding safety and efficacy in pediatric patients.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)
Guideline-Supported Use
FDA Package Insert for Enalaprilat injection contains no information regarding guidelines in pediatric patients.
Contraindications
- History of hypersensitivity or angioedema related to previous treatment with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor.
- Patients with hereditary or idiopathic angioedema.
Warnings
|
USE IN PREGNANCY
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
Condition Name: When used in pregnancy during the second and third trimesters, ACE inhibitors can cause injury and even death to the developing fetus. When pregnancy is detected, Enalaprilat Injection, USP should be discontinued as soon as possible.
|
Anaphylactoid and Possibly Related Reactions
Presumably because angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors affect the metabolism of eicosanoids and polypeptides, including endogenous bradykinin, patients receiving ACE inhibitors (including enalaprilat) may be subject to a variety of adverse reactions, some of them serious.
Head and Neck Angioedema
Angioedema of the face, extremities, lips, tongue, glottis and/or larynx has been reported in patients treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, including enalaprilat. This may occur at any time during treatment. In such cases enalaprilat should be promptly discontinued and appropriate therapy and monitoring should be provided until complete and sustained resolution of signs and symptoms has occurred. In instances where swelling has been confined to the face and lips the condition has generally resolved without treatment, although antihistamines have been useful in relieving symptoms. Angioedema associated with laryngeal edema may be fatal. Where there is involvement of the tongue, glottis or larynx, likely to cause airway obstruction, appropriate therapy, e.g., subcutaneous epinephrine solution 1:1000 (0.3 mL to 0.5 mL) and/or measures necessary to ensure a patent airway, should be promptly provided (see ADVERSE REACTIONS).
Intestinal Angioedema
Intestinal angioedema has been reported in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. These patients presented with abdominal pain (with or without nausea or vomiting); in some cases there was no prior history of facial angioedema and C-1 esterase levels were normal. The angioedema was diagnosed by procedures including abdominal CT scan or ultrasound, or at surgery, and symptoms resolved after stopping the ACE inhibitor. Intestinal angioedema should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients on ACE inhibitors presenting with abdominal pain.
Anaphylactoid reactions during desensitization
Two patients undergoing desensitizing treatment with hymenoptera venom while receiving ACE inhibitors sustained life-threatening anaphylactoid reactions. In the same patients, these reactions were avoided when ACE inhibitors were temporarily withheld, but they reappeared upon inadvertent rechallenge.
Anaphylactoid reactions during membrane exposure
Anaphylactoid reactions have been reported in patients dialyzed with high-flux membranes and treated concomitantly with an ACE inhibitor. Anaphylactoid reactions have also been reported in patients undergoing low-density lipoprotein apheresis with dextran sulfate absorption.
Hypotension
Excessive hypotension is rare in uncomplicated hypertensive patients treated with enalaprilat alone. Patients with heart failure given enalaprilat commonly have some reduction in blood pressure, especially with the first dose, but discontinuation of therapy for continuing symptomatic hypotension usually is not necessary when dosing instructions are followed; caution should be observed when initiating therapy. Patients at risk for excessive hypotension, sometimes associated with oliguria and/or progressive azotemia, and rarely with acute renal failure and/or death, include those with the following conditions or characteristics: heart failure, hyponatremia, high dose diuretic therapy, recent intensive diuresis or increase in diuretic dose, renal dialysis, or severe volume and/or salt depletion of any etiology. It may be advisable to eliminate the diuretic (except in patients with heart failure), reduce the diuretic dose or increase salt intake cautiously before initiating therapy with enalaprilat in patients at risk for excessive hypotension who are able to tolerate such adjustments. In patients at risk for excessive hypotension, therapy should be started under very close medical supervision and such patients should be followed closely for the first two weeks of treatment and whenever the dose of enalapril and/or diuretic is increased. Similar considerations may apply to patients with ischemic heart or cerebrovascular disease, in whom an excessive fall in blood pressure could result in a myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident.
If excessive hypotension occurs, the patient should be placed in the supine position and, if necessary, receive an intravenous infusion of normal saline. A transient hypotensive response is not a contraindication to further doses of enalaprilat, which usually can be given without difficulty once the blood pressure has stabilized. If symptomatic hypotension develops, a dose reduction or discontinuation of enalaprilat or concomitant diuretic may be necessary.
Neutropenia/Agranulocytosis
Another angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, has been shown to cause agranulocytosis and bone marrow depression, rarely in uncomplicated patients but more frequently in patients with renal impairment especially if they also have a collagen vascular disease. Available data from clinical trials of enalapril are insufficient to show that enalapril does not cause agranulocytosis at similar rates. Marketing experience has revealed cases of neutropenia or agranulocytosis in which a causal relationship to enalapril cannot be excluded. Periodic monitoring of white blood cell counts in patients with collagen vascular disease and renal disease should be considered.
Hepatic Failure
Rarely, ACE inhibitors have been associated with a syndrome that starts with cholestatic jaundice and progresses to fulminant hepatic necrosis, and (sometimes) death. The mechanism of this syndrome is not understood. Patients receiving ACE inhibitors who develop jaundice or marked elevations of hepatic enzymes should discontinue the ACE inhibitor and receive appropriate medical follow-up.
Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality
ACE inhibitors can cause fetal and neonatal morbidity and death when administered to pregnant women. Several dozen cases have been reported in the world literature. When pregnancy is detected, ACE inhibitors should be discontinued as soon as possible.
In a published restrospective epidemiological study, infants whose mothers had taken an ACE inhibitor during their first trimester of pregnancy appeared to have an increased risk of major congenital malformations compared with infants whose mothers had not undergone first trimester exposure to ACE inhibitor drugs. The number of cases of birth defects is small and the findings of this study have not yet been repeated.
The use of ACE inhibitors during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy has been associated with fetal and neonatal injury, including hypotension, neonatal skull hypoplasia, anuria, reversible or irreversible renal failure, and death. Oligohydramnios has also been reported, presumably resulting from decreased fetal renal function; oligohydramnios in this setting has been associated with fetal limb contractures, craniofacial deformation, and hypoplastic lung development. Prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, and patent ductus arteriosus have also been reported, although it is not clear whether these occurrences were due to the ACE-inhibitor exposure.
These adverse effects do not appear to have resulted from intrauterine ACE-inhibitor exposure that has been limited to the first trimester. Mothers whose embryos and fetuses are exposed to ACE inhibitors only during the first trimester should be so informed. Nonetheless, when patients become pregnant, physicians should make every effort to discontinue the use of enalaprilat as soon as possible.
Rarely (probably less often than once in every thousand pregnancies), no alternative to ACE inhibitors will be found. In these rare cases, the mothers should be apprised of the potential hazards to their fetuses, and serial ultrasound examinations should be performed to assess the intraamniotic environment.
If oligohydramnios is observed, enalaprilat should be discontinued unless it is considered lifesaving for the mother. Contraction stress testing (CST), a non-stress test (NST), or biophysical profiling (BPP) may be appropriate, depending upon the week of pregnancy. Patients and physicians should be aware, however, that oligohydramnios may not appear until after the fetus has sustained irreversible injury.
Infants with histories of in utero exposure to ACE inhibitors should be closely observed for hypotension, oliguria, and hyperkalemia. If oliguria occurs, attention should be directed toward support of blood pressure and renal perfusion. Exchange transfusion or dialysis may be required as means of reversing hypotension and/or substituting for disordered renal function. Enalapril, which crosses the placenta, has been removed from neonatal circulation by peritoneal dialysis with some clinical benefit, and theoretically may be removed by exchange transfusion, although there is no experience with the latter procedure.
No teratogenic effects of enalapril were seen in studies of pregnant rats and rabbits. On a body surface area basis, the doses used were 57 times and 12 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human daily dose (MRHDD).
Adverse Reactions
Clinical Trials Experience
There is limited information regarding Enalaprilat injection Clinical Trials Experience in the drug label.
Postmarketing Experience
There is limited information regarding Enalaprilat injection Postmarketing Experience in the drug label.
Drug Interactions
There is limited information regarding Enalaprilat injection Drug Interactions in the drug label.
Use in Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category (FDA):
There is no FDA guidance on usage of Enalaprilat injection in women who are pregnant.
Pregnancy Category (AUS):
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Enalaprilat injection in women who are pregnant.
Labor and Delivery
There is no FDA guidance on use of Enalaprilat injection during labor and delivery.
Nursing Mothers
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Enalaprilat injection in women who are nursing.
Pediatric Use
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Enalaprilat injection in pediatric settings.
Geriatic Use
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Enalaprilat injection in geriatric settings.
Gender
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Enalaprilat injection with respect to specific gender populations.
Race
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Enalaprilat injection with respect to specific racial populations.
Renal Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Enalaprilat injection in patients with renal impairment.
Hepatic Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Enalaprilat injection in patients with hepatic impairment.
Females of Reproductive Potential and Males
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Enalaprilat injection in women of reproductive potentials and males.
Immunocompromised Patients
There is no FDA guidance one the use of Enalaprilat injection in patients who are immunocompromised.
Administration and Monitoring
Administration
There is limited information regarding Enalaprilat injection Administration in the drug label.
Monitoring
There is limited information regarding Enalaprilat injection Monitoring in the drug label.
IV Compatibility
There is limited information regarding the compatibility of Enalaprilat injection and IV administrations.
Overdosage
There is limited information regarding Enalaprilat injection overdosage. If you suspect drug poisoning or overdose, please contact the National Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) immediately.
Pharmacology
There is limited information regarding Enalaprilat injection Pharmacology in the drug label.
Mechanism of Action
There is limited information regarding Enalaprilat injection Mechanism of Action in the drug label.
Structure
There is limited information regarding Enalaprilat injection Structure in the drug label.
Pharmacodynamics
There is limited information regarding Enalaprilat injection Pharmacodynamics in the drug label.
Pharmacokinetics
There is limited information regarding Enalaprilat injection Pharmacokinetics in the drug label.
Nonclinical Toxicology
There is limited information regarding Enalaprilat injection Nonclinical Toxicology in the drug label.
Clinical Studies
There is limited information regarding Enalaprilat injection Clinical Studies in the drug label.
How Supplied
There is limited information regarding Enalaprilat injection How Supplied in the drug label.
Storage
There is limited information regarding Enalaprilat injection Storage in the drug label.
Images
Drug Images
{{#ask: Page Name::Enalaprilat injection |?Pill Name |?Drug Name |?Pill Ingred |?Pill Imprint |?Pill Dosage |?Pill Color |?Pill Shape |?Pill Size (mm) |?Pill Scoring |?NDC |?Drug Author |format=template |template=DrugPageImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Pill Name }}
Package and Label Display Panel
{{#ask: Label Page::Enalaprilat injection |?Label Name |format=template |template=DrugLabelImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Label Page }}
Patient Counseling Information
There is limited information regarding Enalaprilat injection Patient Counseling Information in the drug label.
Precautions with Alcohol
Alcohol-Enalaprilat injection interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor regarding the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
Brand Names
There is limited information regarding Enalaprilat injection Brand Names in the drug label.
Look-Alike Drug Names
There is limited information regarding Enalaprilat injection Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.
Drug Shortage Status
Price
References
The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.