Cardiac tamponade/Echocardiography: Difference between revisions

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[[CME Category::Cardiology]]

Latest revision as of 07:41, 15 March 2016

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Overview

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Cardiac Tamponade
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.; Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S.

Overview

The role of echocardiography in the evaluation of the patient with pericarditis is to chracterize the presence, size, location, and hemodynamic impact of a pericardial effusion. Echocardiography is not needed to diagnose pericarditis. Echocardiography should be performed if there is a suspicion of tamponade (e.g. distended neck veins, pulsus paradoxus).

Echocardiography

Echocardiographic Findings in Cardiac Tamponade

  • Presence of moderate and large pericardial effusion.
  • Swinging of the heart within the effusion. It is this swinging motion that gives rise to electrical alternans.
  • Reversal of right atrial and right ventricular diastolic transmural pressures.
  • Cardiac chamber indentation or collapse is a common finding in cardiac tamponade.
  • Right atrium and right ventricle are the commonest to collapse when intrapericardial pressure exceeds intracardiac pressure within any particular chamber.
  • Right atrial collapse:
    • Right atrial pressure is minimal during diastole. However, pericardial pressure is maximal in diastole. Due to this the first signs of collapse could be seen during right atrial diastole.
    • Right atrial collapse if persists for > 1/3rd of cardiac cycle is a good indicator of impending tamponade.
    • Transient right atrial collapse can occur normally also.
  • Diastolic collapse of right ventricle is very specific for cardiac tamponade.
  • Diastolic left atrial collapse are very specific for cardiac tamponade.
  • Left ventricle collapse is uncommon due to high thickness of ventricular wall.
  • The respiratory variation of mitral valve and tricuspid valve is increased.

Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade

In pericardial effusion, large hypoechoic regions are seen surrounding the heart with presence of oscillatory motion of the heart.
The echocardiogram below demonstrates swinging motion of the heart in cardiac tamponade. {{#ev:youtube|U4xQ3-VRiNg}}


Echocardiography of heart with loculated pericardial effusion compressing the left ventricle {{#ev:youtube|unnmmlCyyZM}}


Cardiac tamponade {{#ev:youtube|YWVI6rRTIzU}}


Cardiac tamponade {{#ev:youtube|_az8_V6bHE8}}


Left ventricular free wall rupture in patient with cardiac tamponade {{#ev:youtube|g9TdKcFRiLo}}


Collapse of right ventricle in patient with cardiac tamponade {{#ev:youtube|dwJkJr00v5c}}


A very large pericardial effusion due to malignancy as seen on cardiac ultrasound. Closed arrow: the heart, open arrow: the effusion


References

  1. Cheitlin MD, Armstrong WF, Aurigemma GP, Beller GA, Bierman FZ, Davis JL, Douglas PS, Faxon DP, Gillam LD, Kimball TR, Kussmaul WG, Pearlman AS, Philbrick JT, Rakowski H, Thys DM, Antman EM, Smith SC, Alpert JS, Gregoratos G, Anderson JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Fuster V, Jacobs AK, Gibbons RJ, Russell RO (2003). "ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 guideline update for the clinical application of echocardiography: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASE Committee to Update the 1997 Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography)". Circulation. 108 (9): 1146–62. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000073597.57414.A9. PMID 12952829. Retrieved 2012-09-14. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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Related Pages

CME Category::Cardiology