Malaria: Difference between revisions
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==[[Malaria pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== | ==[[Malaria pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== | ||
== Diagnosis == | == Diagnosis == |
Revision as of 04:36, 8 January 2012
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Malaria Microchapters |
Diagnosis |
---|
Treatment |
Case studies |
Malaria On the Web |
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Malaria |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Malaria | ||
Plasmodium falciparum ring-forms and gametocytes in human blood. | ||
ICD-10 | B50 | |
ICD-9 | 084 | |
DiseasesDB | 7728 | |
MedlinePlus | 000621 | |
eMedicine | med/1385 emerg/305 ped/1357 | |
MeSH | C03.752.250.552 |
Overview
Historical perspective
Epidemiology & Demographics
History & Symptoms
Symptoms of malaria include fever, shivering, arthralgia (joint pain), vomiting, anemia caused by hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, and convulsions. There may be the feeling of tingling in the skin, particularly with malaria caused by P. falciparum. The classical symptom of malaria is cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed by rigor and then fever and sweating lasting four to six hours, occurring every two days in P. vivax and P. ovale infections, while every three for P. malariae.[1] P. falciparum can have recurrent fever every 36-48 hours or a less pronounced and almost continuous fever. For reasons that are poorly understood, but which may be related to high intracranial pressure, children with malaria frequently exhibit abnormal posturing, a sign indicating severe brain damage.[2] Malaria has been found to cause cognitive impairments, especially in children. It causes widespread anemia during a period of rapid brain development and also direct brain damage. This neurologic damage results from cerebral malaria to which children are more vulnerable.[3]
Severe malaria is almost exclusively caused by P. falciparum infection and usually arises 6-14 days after infection.[4] Consequences of severe malaria include coma and death if untreated—young children and pregnant women are especially vulnerable. Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), severe headache, cerebral ischemia, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), hypoglycemia, and hemoglobinuria with renal failure may occur. Renal failure may cause blackwater fever, where hemoglobin from lysed red blood cells leaks into the urine. Severe malaria can progress extremely rapidly and cause death within hours or days.[4] In the most severe cases of the disease fatality rates can exceed 20%, even with intensive care and treatment.[5] In endemic areas, treatment is often less satisfactory and the overall fatality rate for all cases of malaria can be as high as one in ten.[6] Over the longer term, developmental impairments have been documented in children who have suffered episodes of severe malaria.[7]
Chronic malaria is seen in both P. vivax and P. ovale, but not in P. falciparum. Here, the disease can relapse months or years after exposure, due to the presence of latent parasites in the liver. Describing a case of malaria as cured by observing the disappearance of parasites from the bloodstream can therefore be deceptive. The longest incubation period reported for a P. vivax infection is 30 years.[4] Approximately one in five of P. vivax malaria cases in temperate areas involve overwintering by hypnozoites (i.e., relapses begin the year after the mosquito bite).[8]
Causes of Malaria
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Lab Tests
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Primary Prevention
References
- ↑ Malaria life cycle & pathogenesis. Malaria in Armenia. Accessed October 31, 2006.
- ↑ Idro, R. "Decorticate, decerebrate and opisthotonic posturing and seizures in Kenyan children with cerebral malaria". Malaria Journal. 4 (57). PMID 16336645. Retrieved 2007-01-21. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=
ignored (help) - ↑ Boivin, M.J., "Effects of early cerebral malaria on cognitive ability in Senegalese children," Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 23, no. 5 (October 2002): 353–64. Holding, P.A. and Snow, R.W., "Impact of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on performance and learning: review of the evidence," American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 64, suppl. nos. 1–2 (January–February 2001): 68–75.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Trampuz A, Jereb M, Muzlovic I, Prabhu R (2003). "Clinical review: Severe malaria". Crit Care. 7 (4): 315–23. PMID 12930555.
- ↑ Kain K, Harrington M, Tennyson S, Keystone J (1998). "Imported malaria: prospective analysis of problems in diagnosis and management". Clin Infect Dis. 27 (1): 142–9. PMID 9675468.
- ↑ Mockenhaupt F, Ehrhardt S, Burkhardt J, Bosomtwe S, Laryea S, Anemana S, Otchwemah R, Cramer J, Dietz E, Gellert S, Bienzle U (2004). "Manifestation and outcome of severe malaria in children in northern Ghana". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 71 (2): 167–72. PMID 15306705.
- ↑ Carter JA, Ross AJ, Neville BG, Obiero E, Katana K, Mung'ala-Odera V, Lees JA, Newton CR (2005). "Developmental impairments following severe falciparum malaria in children". Trop Med Int Health. 10: 3–10. PMID 15655008.
- ↑ Adak T, Sharma V, Orlov V (1998). "Studies on the Plasmodium vivax relapse pattern in Delhi, India". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 59 (1): 175–9. PMID 9684649.
External links
- National Geographic July 2007 Issue on Malaria
- WHO site on malaria
- Template:McGrawHillAnimation
- Johns Hopkins Malariology Open Courseware
- www.malariacontrol.net distributed computing project for the fight against malaria
- United States Centers for Disease Control - Malaria information pages
- Doctors Without Borders/Medecins Sans Frontieres - Malaria information pages
- HRC/Eldis Health Resource Guide - Malaria research and resources on health in developing countries
- Medline Plus - Malaria
- Interview with Dr Andrew Speilman, Harvard malaria specialist
- Malaria Consortium website
- GlobalHealthFacts.org Malaria Cases and Deaths by Country
- Survey article: History of malaria around the North Sea
- DriveAgainstMalaria.org, "World's longest journey to fight the biggest killer of children"
- Malaria on JHSPH OpenCourseWare
- Malaria Foundation International
- Malaria Atlas Project
- UNITAID, International Facility for the Purchase of Drugs (Wikipedia Article)
- BBC - Hopes of Malaria Vaccine by 2010 15 October 2004
- BBC - Science shows how malaria hides 8 April 2005
- History of discoveries in malaria
- Malaria. The UNICEF-UNDP-World Bank-WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases
- Malaria Vaccine Initiative
- Story of the discovery of the vector of the malarial parasite
- Wellcome Trust against Malaria
- "Vaccines for Development" - Blog on vaccine research and production for developing countries
- Medicines for Malaria Venture
- Malaria and Mosquitos - questions and answers
- Hisnets - Fighting Malaria: One Net At A Time
- Call for Increased Production of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets as Part of the U.N. Millenium Campaign
- Providing everyone with a LLIN in Sahn Malen, a small village in Sierra Leone
- Burden of Malaria, BBC pictures relating to malaria in northern Uganda
- Malaria: Cooperation among Parasite, Vector, and Host (Animation)
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