Nucleohyaloplasm: Difference between revisions
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'''Nucleohyaloplasm''' is the [[cytosol]] within the [[nucleus]], without the [[microfilaments]] and the [[microtubules]]. This liquid part contains | '''Nucleohyaloplasm''' is the [[cytosol]] within the [[nucleus]], without the [[microfilaments]] and the [[microtubules]]. This liquid part contains [[enzyme]]s and intermediate [[metabolite]]s. Many substances such as [[nucleotide]]s (necessary for purposes such as the [[DNA replication|replication of DNA]] and production of [[Messenger RNA|mRNA]]) and enzymes (which direct activities that take place in the nucleus) are dissolved in the nucleohyaloplasm. | ||
As a cytosol, it consists mostly of [[water]], dissolved ions, small molecules, and large water-soluble molecules (such as [[protein]]). It contains about 20% to 30% protein. It has a high concentration of K⁺ ions and a low concentration of Na⁺ ions. | |||
=Small particles= | |||
Small particles (< 30 kDa) are able to pass through the [[nuclear pore]] complex by [[passive transport]]. The average mass range for amino acids: 75 - 204 Da. By comparison a water molecule is 18 Da. Nucleotides range in size from 176 Da (OMP) to 523 Da (GTP). The lateral speed of biological molecules in passive diffusion in water is on the order of 500 - 50 nm/sec. But in cytosol such as the nucleohyaloplasm: ~120 - 10 nm/sec due to crowding and collisions with large molecules. | |||
=Large particles= | |||
Larger particles are also able to pass through the large diameter of a nuclear pore but at almost negligible rates.<ref name=Campbell1987>{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Neil A. |authorlink=Neil Campbell (scientist) |title=Biology |year=1987 |isbn=0-8053-1840-2 |pages=795}}</ref> | |||
=Structures= | |||
Of the structures local to the nucleohyaloplasm, some serve to confine it such as the inner membrane of the [[nuclear envelope]]. While others are completely suspended within it, for example, the [[nucleolus]]. Still others such as the [[nuclear matrix]]<ref name=Nickerson>{{cite journal |author=Nickerson J |title=Experimental observations of a nuclear matrix |journal=J. Cell. Sci. |volume=114 |issue=Pt 3 |pages=463–74 |year=2001 |month=February |pmid=11171316 |url=http://jcs.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/114/3/463}}</ref><ref name=Tetko>{{cite journal |author=Tetko IV, Haberer G, Rudd S, Meyers B, Mewes HW, Mayer KF |title=Spatiotemporal expression control correlates with intragenic scaffold matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) in Arabidopsis thaliana |journal=PLoS Comput. Biol. |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=e21 |year=2006 |month=March |pmid=16604187 |pmc=1420657 |doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020021 }}</ref> are found throughout the inside of the nucleus. | |||
=References= | =References= | ||
Revision as of 19:48, 19 February 2009
Template:Mergeto Nucleohyaloplasm is the cytosol within the nucleus, without the microfilaments and the microtubules. This liquid part contains enzymes and intermediate metabolites. Many substances such as nucleotides (necessary for purposes such as the replication of DNA and production of mRNA) and enzymes (which direct activities that take place in the nucleus) are dissolved in the nucleohyaloplasm.
As a cytosol, it consists mostly of water, dissolved ions, small molecules, and large water-soluble molecules (such as protein). It contains about 20% to 30% protein. It has a high concentration of K⁺ ions and a low concentration of Na⁺ ions.
Small particles
Small particles (< 30 kDa) are able to pass through the nuclear pore complex by passive transport. The average mass range for amino acids: 75 - 204 Da. By comparison a water molecule is 18 Da. Nucleotides range in size from 176 Da (OMP) to 523 Da (GTP). The lateral speed of biological molecules in passive diffusion in water is on the order of 500 - 50 nm/sec. But in cytosol such as the nucleohyaloplasm: ~120 - 10 nm/sec due to crowding and collisions with large molecules.
Large particles
Larger particles are also able to pass through the large diameter of a nuclear pore but at almost negligible rates.[1]
Structures
Of the structures local to the nucleohyaloplasm, some serve to confine it such as the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope. While others are completely suspended within it, for example, the nucleolus. Still others such as the nuclear matrix[2][3] are found throughout the inside of the nucleus.
References
- ↑ Campbell, Neil A. (1987). Biology. p. 795. ISBN 0-8053-1840-2.
- ↑ Nickerson J (2001). "Experimental observations of a nuclear matrix". J. Cell. Sci. 114 (Pt 3): 463–74. PMID 11171316. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Tetko IV, Haberer G, Rudd S, Meyers B, Mewes HW, Mayer KF (2006). "Spatiotemporal expression control correlates with intragenic scaffold matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) in Arabidopsis thaliana". PLoS Comput. Biol. 2 (3): e21. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020021. PMC 1420657. PMID 16604187. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)
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