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== Algorithms ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 |A01='''Major molecular events in the pathogenesis of HCC'''}}
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B03 |B01='''Genomic alterations'''|B02='''Epigenetic modifications'''|B03='''Growthfactor pathway alterations'''}}
{{familytree | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |!| | |}}
{{familytree | | C01 | | C02 | | | | | | | | C03 | | | | | C04 | | | | | | C05 | | | | | | | C06 |C01=Gene Mutations|C02=Gene Amplification|C03=DNA methylation micro RNA|C04=Micro RNA|C05=LNC RNA|C06=Major Signaling pathways}}
{{familytree | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=text-align: left; | | D01 | | D02 | | | | | | | | D03 | | | | | D04 | | | | | | D05 | | | | | | | D06 |D01=•TERT promoter<br>•TP53<br>•CTNNB1<br>•AXIN1<br>•AXIN2<br>•ATM<br>•RPS6KA3<br>•JAK1<br>•IL6R<br>•IL6ST<br>•ARID1<br>•ARID2
|D02=•CCND1<br>•FGF19<br>•CDKNA2A<br>•CDKNA2B<br>•AXIN1<br>•IRF2<br>•MET|D03=GSTP1<br>•E-Cadherin<br>•CDKNA2<br>•RASSF1A<br>•SOCS-3<br>•MIGMT|D04=•MiR-155<br>•Mir-122<br>•Mir-224<br>•Mir-21|D05=•HULC<br>•HEIH<br>•Dreh<br>•MVIH<br>•HOTAIR<br>•MDIG<br>•LINE1|D06=•Wnt/β –catenin<br>•Tyrosine kinase pathways<br>EGF<br>HGF/c-MET<br>FGF<br>VEGF<br>•IGF<br>•HIF<br>•TGF β <br>•Hedgehog}}
{{familytree/end}}
[[image:512px-Jaundice08.jpg|thumb|350px|center| Elderly Male with jaundice from pancreatic cancer, By James Heilman, MD (Own work) [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons <ref name="urlFile:Jaundice08.jpg - Wikimedia Commons">{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AJaundice08.jpg |title=File:Jaundice08.jpg - Wikimedia Commons |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>]]
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__


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==Other Diagnostic Studies==
==Other Diagnostic Studies==
== Algorithms ==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 |A01='''Major molecular events in the pathogenesis of HCC'''}}
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B03 |B01='''Genomic alterations'''|B02='''Epigenetic modifications'''|B03='''Growthfactor pathway alterations'''}}
{{familytree | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |!| | |}}
{{familytree | | C01 | | C02 | | | | | | | | C03 | | | | | C04 | | | | | | C05 | | | | | | | C06 |C01=Gene Mutations|C02=Gene Amplification|C03=DNA methylation micro RNA|C04=Micro RNA|C05=LNC RNA|C06=Major Signaling pathways}}
{{familytree | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=text-align: left; | | D01 | | D02 | | | | | | | | D03 | | | | | D04 | | | | | | D05 | | | | | | | D06 |D01=•TERT promoter<br>•TP53<br>•CTNNB1<br>•AXIN1<br>•AXIN2<br>•ATM<br>•RPS6KA3<br>•JAK1<br>•IL6R<br>•IL6ST<br>•ARID1<br>•ARID2
|D02=•CCND1<br>•FGF19<br>•CDKNA2A<br>•CDKNA2B<br>•AXIN1<br>•IRF2<br>•MET|D03=GSTP1<br>•E-Cadherin<br>•CDKNA2<br>•RASSF1A<br>•SOCS-3<br>•MIGMT|D04=•MiR-155<br>•Mir-122<br>•Mir-224<br>•Mir-21|D05=•HULC<br>•HEIH<br>•Dreh<br>•MVIH<br>•HOTAIR<br>•MDIG<br>•LINE1|D06=•Wnt/β –catenin<br>•Tyrosine kinase pathways<br>EGF<br>HGF/c-MET<br>FGF<br>VEGF<br>•IGF<br>•HIF<br>•TGF β <br>•Hedgehog}}
{{familytree/end}}
[[image:512px-Jaundice08.jpg|thumb|350px|center| Elderly Male with jaundice from pancreatic cancer, By James Heilman, MD (Own work) [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons <ref name="urlFile:Jaundice08.jpg - Wikimedia Commons">{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AJaundice08.jpg |title=File:Jaundice08.jpg - Wikimedia Commons |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>]]
The incidence of HCC has almost tripled since the early 1980s in the United States where it is the fastest rising cause of cancer-related deaths1. According to population based Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results registry data, the overall HCC age adjusted incidence rates for liver and intrahepatic ducts cancer is as high as 8 per 100,000 underling population in 2010 (Fig. 1) of which at least 6 per 100,000 related to HCC. Men are at approximately three times higher risk than women. Asian men (i.e., Chinese, Korean, Filipino, and Japanese) have the highest age-adjusted incidence rates. However, the largest proportional increases have occurred among Hispanics followed by blacks and non-Hispanic whites, whereas the lowest proportional increases have occurred among Asians. In contrast to Asians/Pacific Islanders, HCC incidence rates are reported to be higher among Hispanics born in the United States than among foreign-born Hispanics2. HCC incidence rates have increased in each successive birth cohort born between 1900 and 19593 (Fig. 2). In addition, the age distribution of HCC patients has shifted to younger ages, with the greatest proportional increases among individuals 45–60 years old (Fig. 2). There is a south to north gradient in the incidence and mortality of HCC; Southern states including Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi have some of the highest HCC incidence rates in the nation (Fig. 3). In one study, Texas Latino and especially South Texas Latinos had the highest age-adjusted HCC incidence rates (as high as 10.6/100,000)4.





Revision as of 16:28, 25 January 2018


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dildar Hussain, MBBS [2]

Overview

The Spleen is the most common affected organ in the abdomen as a consequence of trauma to the abdomen.The trauma can be due to number of reasons such as road traffic accidents,falls and domestic violence.There are a number of non traumatic reasons of splenic rupture due to an underlying pathology.

Classification

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Common casuses

The most common Cause of the splenic rupture remains blunt trauma to the abdomen.The other common causes of splenic rupture includes.[1]

  • Neoplasms
  • Infections
  • Non Infectious
  • Therapy related
  • Mechanical Causes


Less common causes

The less common causes of splenic rupture are difficult to diagnose and can be threatening. Some less common causes of splenic rupture are as follows:

  • Autologus stem cell transplantation in AL Amyloidosis patients[2]

Differentiating Splenic Rupture from Other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-Ray

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Algorithms

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Major molecular events in the pathogenesis of HCC
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Genomic alterations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Epigenetic modifications
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Growthfactor pathway alterations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gene Mutations
 
Gene Amplification
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
DNA methylation micro RNA
 
 
 
 
Micro RNA
 
 
 
 
 
LNC RNA
 
 
 
 
 
 
Major Signaling pathways
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
•TERT promoter
•TP53
•CTNNB1
•AXIN1
•AXIN2
•ATM
•RPS6KA3
•JAK1
•IL6R
•IL6ST
•ARID1
•ARID2
 
•CCND1
•FGF19
•CDKNA2A
•CDKNA2B
•AXIN1
•IRF2
•MET
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GSTP1
•E-Cadherin
•CDKNA2
•RASSF1A
•SOCS-3
•MIGMT
 
 
 
 
•MiR-155
•Mir-122
•Mir-224
•Mir-21
 
 
 
 
 
•HULC
•HEIH
•Dreh
•MVIH
•HOTAIR
•MDIG
•LINE1
 
 
 
 
 
 
•Wnt/β –catenin
•Tyrosine kinase pathways
EGF
HGF/c-MET
FGF
VEGF
•IGF
•HIF
•TGF β
•Hedgehog
Elderly Male with jaundice from pancreatic cancer, By James Heilman, MD (Own work) [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons [3]

The incidence of HCC has almost tripled since the early 1980s in the United States where it is the fastest rising cause of cancer-related deaths1. According to population based Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results registry data, the overall HCC age adjusted incidence rates for liver and intrahepatic ducts cancer is as high as 8 per 100,000 underling population in 2010 (Fig. 1) of which at least 6 per 100,000 related to HCC. Men are at approximately three times higher risk than women. Asian men (i.e., Chinese, Korean, Filipino, and Japanese) have the highest age-adjusted incidence rates. However, the largest proportional increases have occurred among Hispanics followed by blacks and non-Hispanic whites, whereas the lowest proportional increases have occurred among Asians. In contrast to Asians/Pacific Islanders, HCC incidence rates are reported to be higher among Hispanics born in the United States than among foreign-born Hispanics2. HCC incidence rates have increased in each successive birth cohort born between 1900 and 19593 (Fig. 2). In addition, the age distribution of HCC patients has shifted to younger ages, with the greatest proportional increases among individuals 45–60 years old (Fig. 2). There is a south to north gradient in the incidence and mortality of HCC; Southern states including Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi have some of the highest HCC incidence rates in the nation (Fig. 3). In one study, Texas Latino and especially South Texas Latinos had the highest age-adjusted HCC incidence rates (as high as 10.6/100,000)4.



References

  1. Renzulli P, Hostettler A, Schoepfer AM, Gloor B, Candinas D (2009). "Systematic review of atraumatic splenic rupture". Br J Surg. 96 (10): 1114–21. doi:10.1002/bjs.6737. PMID 19787754.
  2. Sato S, Tamai Y, Okada S, Kannbe E, Takeda K, Tanaka E (2017). "Atraumatic Splenic Rupture due to Ectopic Extramedullary Hematopoiesis after Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in a Patient with AL Amyloidosis". Intern Med. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.9018-17. PMID 29093392.
  3. "File:Jaundice08.jpg - Wikimedia Commons". External link in |title= (help)