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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| | According to the [[TNM staging system]], there are 5 stages of hypopharyngeal cancer based on the [[tumor]] size, [[lymph node]] involvement, and distant [[metastasis]]. |
| | |
| | ==Staging== |
| The following stages are used for Laryngeal cancer cancer:<ref>Staging of Laryngeal cancer. http://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/laryngeal-treatment-pdq#section/_26</ref> | | The following stages are used for Laryngeal cancer cancer:<ref>Staging of Laryngeal cancer. http://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/laryngeal-treatment-pdq#section/_26</ref> |
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Revision as of 16:06, 28 October 2015
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Faizan Sheraz, M.D. [2]
Overview
According to the TNM staging system, there are 5 stages of hypopharyngeal cancer based on the tumor size, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis.
Staging
The following stages are used for Laryngeal cancer cancer:[1]
|
Stage
|
Features
|
- Stage 0
|
|
- Stage 1
|
- Stage I laryngeal cancer depends on where cancer began in the larynx:
- Supraglottis: Cancer is in one area of the supraglottis only and the vocal cords can move normally
- Glottis: Cancer is in one or both vocal cords and the vocal cords can move normally
- Subglottis: Cancer is in the subglottis only
|
- Stage 2
|
- Stage II laryngeal cancer depends on location of cancer in the larynx:
- Supraglottis: Cancer is in more than one area of the supraglottis or surrounding tissues
- Glottis: Cancer has spread to the supraglottis and/or the subglottis and/or the vocal cords cannot move normally
- Subglottis: Cancer has spread to one or both vocal cords, which may not move normally
|
- Stage 3
|
- Stage III laryngeal cancer depends on whether cancer has spread from the supraglottis, glottis, or subglottis
- Stage III cancer of the supraglottis:
- Cancer is in the larynx only and the vocal cords cannot move
- Cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller.
- or
- Cancer is in one area of the supraglottis and in one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor
- The lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller and the vocal cords can move normally
- or
- Cancer is in more than one area of the supraglottis or surrounding tissues and in one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor
- The lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller.
- Stage III cancer of the glottis:
- Cancer is in the larynx only and the vocal cords cannot move
- Cancer is in tissues next to the larynx
- Cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller
- or
- Cancer is in one or both vocal cords and in one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor
- The lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller and the vocal cords can move normally
- or
- Cancer has spread to the supraglottis or the subglottis or the vocal cords cannot move normally
- Cancer has also spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller
- Stage III cancer of the subglottis:
- Cancer is in the larynx and the vocal cords cannot move
- Cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller
- or
- Cancer is in the subglottis and in one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor
- The lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller
- or
- Cancer has spread to one or both vocal cords, which may not move normally
- Cancer has also spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller
|
- Stage 4A
|
- Cancer has spread through the thyroid cartilage and has spread to tissues beyond the larynx such as the neck, trachea, thyroid, or esophagus
- Cancer may have spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller
- or
- Cancer has spread to one lymph node on the same side of the neck as the original tumor and the lymph node is larger than 3 centimeters but not larger than 6 centimeters
- or Has spread to more than one lymph node anywhere in the neck with none larger than 6 centimeters
- Cancer may have spread to tissues beyond the larynx, such as the neck, trachea, thyroid, or esophagus
- The vocal cords may not move normally
|
- Stage 4B
|
- Cancer has spread to the space in front of the spinal column, surrounds the carotid artery, or has spread to parts of the chest
- Cancer may have spread to one or more lymph nodes anywhere in the neck and the lymph nodes may be any size
- or
- Cancer has spread to a lymph node that is larger than 6 centimeters and may have spread as far as the space in front of the spinal column, around the carotid artery, or to parts of the chest
- The vocal cords may not move normally
|
- Stage 4C
|
- Cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, or bone
|
TNM Staging
The staging of hypopharyngeal cancer is based on the TNM staging system.[2]
|
Primary Tumor
|
Description
|
- TX
|
- Primary tumor cannot be assessed
|
- T0
|
- No evidence of primary tumor
|
- Tis
|
- Carcinoma in situ/dysplasia (tumor size <0.5 mm), confined to mucosa
|
- T1
|
- Limited to 1 subsite AND
- Tumor size ≤ 2 cm in greatest dimension
|
- T2
|
- Extends into adjacent subsite or area (larynx, oropharynx) and/or
- Tumor size between 2-4 cm in greatest dimension
- Clinically there must not be fixation of the hemilarynx
|
- T3
|
- Tumor size >4cm
- Fixation to hemilarynx
|
- T4
|
- Direct invasion of one or more of the following:
|
|
Nodal Involvement
|
Description
|
- NX
|
- Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
|
- N0
|
- No regional lymph node metastasis
|
- N1
|
Regional lymph node metastasis
|
|
Distant Metastasis
|
Description
|
- M0
|
|
- M1
|
|
References