West nile virus primary prevention: Difference between revisions

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==Primary Prevention==
==Primary Prevention==
===Integrated Vector Management===
*Mosquito abatement programs successfully employ integrated pest management (IPM) principles to reduce mosquito abundance, providing important community services to protect quality of life and public health<ref name="pmid11266290">{{cite journal| author=Rose RI| title=Pesticides and public health: integrated methods of mosquito management. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 7 | issue= 1 | pages= 17-23 | pmid=11266290 | doi=10.3201/eid0701.700017 | pmc=PMC2631680 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11266290  }} </ref>.
*Prevention and control of WNV and other zoonotic arboviral diseases is accomplished most effectively through a comprehensive, integrated vector management (IVM) program applying the principles of IPM.
*IVM is based on an understanding of the underlying biology of the arbovirus transmission system, and utilizes regular monitoring of vector mosquito populations and WNV activity levels to determine if, when, and where interventions are needed to keep mosquito numbers below levels which produce risk of human disease, and to respond appropriately to reduce risk when it exceeds acceptable levels.
*Operationally, IVM is anchored by a monitoring program providing data that describe:
:*Conditions and habitats that produce vector mosquitoes.
:*Abundance of those mosquitoes over the course of a season.
:*WNV transmission activity levels expressed as WNV infection rate in mosquito vectors.
:*Parameters that influence local mosquito populations and WNV transmission.


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*These data inform decisions about implementing mosquito control activities appropriate to the situation, such as:
For humans to escape infection the avoidance of mosquitos is key<ref>Hayes E B, Gubler D J. "West Nile virus: epidemiology and clinical features of an emerging epidemic in the United States." ''Annual Review of Medicine'' 3006; 57: 181-194.</ref> - remaining indoors(and not letting them indoors) at dawn and dusk, wearing light-colored clothing which protects arms and legs as well as trunk, using insect repellents on both skin and clothing (such as [[DEET]], [[picaradin]], or oil of [[lemon eucalyptus]] for skin and [[permethrin]] for clothes).<ref>Fradin M S, Day J F. "Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites." ''New England Journal of Medicine'' 3002; 347: 13-18.</ref> Treatment is purely supportive: analgesia for the pain of neurologic diseases; rehydration for nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea; encephalitis may also require airway protection and seizure management.
:*Source reduction through habitat modification.
:*Larval mosquito control using the appropriate methods for the habitat.
:*Adult mosquito control using pesticides applied from trucks or aircraft when established thresholds have been exceeded.
:*Community education efforts related to WNV risk levels and intervention activities.


On [[August 19]], [[2006]], the [[LA Times]] reported that the expected incidence rate of West Nile was dropping as the local population becomes exposed to the virus. ''"In countries like Egypt and Uganda, where West Nile was first detected, people became fully immune to the virus by the time they reached adulthood, federal health officials said."'' [http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-westnile19aug19,0,2186893.story?coll=la-home-local] However days later the CDC said that West Nile cases could reach a 3-year high because hot temperatures had allowed a larger brood of mosquitoes. [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20060825/ap_on_re_us/west_nile;_ylt=Alqlj1InGYGFq0kRGw4NAoC9SvQA;_ylu=X3oDMTA4dW1uZXIwBHNlYwMyNzQ3] Reported cases in the U.S. in 2005 exceeded those in 2004 and cases in 2006 exceeded 2005's totals.
*Monitoring also provides quality control for the program, allowing evaluation of:
:*Effectiveness of larval control efforts.
:*Effectiveness of adult control efforts.
:*Causes of control failures (e.g., undetected larval sources, pesticide resistance, equipment failure).


When dealing with West Nile virus, prevention is your best bet. Fighting mosquito bites reduces your risk of getting this disease, along with others that mosquitoes can carry. Take the commonsense steps below to reduce your risk:
===Surveillance Programs===
 
*Effective IVM for WNV prevention relies on a sustained, consistent surveillance program that targets vector species.
''*Avoid bites and illness''
*The objectives are to identify and map larval production sites by season, monitor adult mosquito abundance, monitor vector infection rates, document the need for control based on established thresholds, and monitor control efficacy.
 
*Surveillance can be subdivided into three categories based on the objective of the surveillance effort; these are: larval mosquito surveillance, adult mosquito surveillance and WWNV transmission activity.
Use Insect Repellent: On exposed skin when you go outdoors. Use an EPA-registered insect repellent such as those with DEET, picaridin or oil of lemon eucalyptus. Even a short time being outdoors can be long enough to get a mosquito bite.
*However, the surveillance elements are complementary, and in combination provide the information required for IVM decisions.
 
Clothing Can Help Reduce Mosquito Bites: When weather permits, wear long-sleeves, long pants and socks when outdoors. Mosquitoes may bite through thin clothing, so spraying clothes with repellent containing permethrin or another EPA-registered repellent will give extra protection. Don't apply repellents containing permethrin directly to skin. Do not spray repellent on the skin under your clothing.
 
Be Aware of Peak Mosquito Hours
The hours from dusk to dawn are peak biting times for many species of mosquitoes. Take extra care to use repellent and protective clothing during evening and early morning -- or consider avoiding outdoor activities during these times.
 
''*Clean out the mosquitoes from the places where you work and play''
 
Drain Standing Water: Mosquitoes lay their eggs in standing water.Limit the number of places around your home for mosquitoes to breed by getting rid of items that hold water.
 
Install or Repair Screens: Some mosquitoes like to come indoors. Keep them outside by having well-fitting screens on both windows and doors. Offer to help neighbors whose screens might be in bad shape. 
 
''*Help your community control the disease''
 
Report Dead Birds to Local Authorities: Dead birds may be a sign that West Nile virus is circulating between birds and the mosquitoes in an area. Over 130 species of birds are known to have been infected with West Nile virus, though not all infected birds will die. It's important to remember that birds die from many other causes besides West Nile virus.
 
Mosquito Control Programs: Check with local health authorities to see if there is an organized mosquito control program in your area. If no program exists, work with your local government officials to establish a program. The American Mosquito Control Association can provide advice, and their book Organization for Mosquito Control is a useful reference.  
 
Clean Up: Mosquito breeding sites can be anywhere. Neighborhood clean up days can be organized by civic or youth organizations to pick up containers from vacant lots and parks, and to encourage people to keep their yards free of standing water. Mosquitoes don't care about fences, so it's important to control breeding sites throughout the neighborhood.
Something to remember: The chance that any one person is going to become ill from a single mosquito bite remains low. The risk of severe illness and death is highest for people over 50 years old, although people of all ages can become ill.[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/prevention_info.htm]
 
--->


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 13:32, 11 September 2014

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Primary Prevention

Integrated Vector Management

  • Mosquito abatement programs successfully employ integrated pest management (IPM) principles to reduce mosquito abundance, providing important community services to protect quality of life and public health[1].
  • Prevention and control of WNV and other zoonotic arboviral diseases is accomplished most effectively through a comprehensive, integrated vector management (IVM) program applying the principles of IPM.
  • IVM is based on an understanding of the underlying biology of the arbovirus transmission system, and utilizes regular monitoring of vector mosquito populations and WNV activity levels to determine if, when, and where interventions are needed to keep mosquito numbers below levels which produce risk of human disease, and to respond appropriately to reduce risk when it exceeds acceptable levels.
  • Operationally, IVM is anchored by a monitoring program providing data that describe:
  • Conditions and habitats that produce vector mosquitoes.
  • Abundance of those mosquitoes over the course of a season.
  • WNV transmission activity levels expressed as WNV infection rate in mosquito vectors.
  • Parameters that influence local mosquito populations and WNV transmission.
  • These data inform decisions about implementing mosquito control activities appropriate to the situation, such as:
  • Source reduction through habitat modification.
  • Larval mosquito control using the appropriate methods for the habitat.
  • Adult mosquito control using pesticides applied from trucks or aircraft when established thresholds have been exceeded.
  • Community education efforts related to WNV risk levels and intervention activities.
  • Monitoring also provides quality control for the program, allowing evaluation of:
  • Effectiveness of larval control efforts.
  • Effectiveness of adult control efforts.
  • Causes of control failures (e.g., undetected larval sources, pesticide resistance, equipment failure).

Surveillance Programs

  • Effective IVM for WNV prevention relies on a sustained, consistent surveillance program that targets vector species.
  • The objectives are to identify and map larval production sites by season, monitor adult mosquito abundance, monitor vector infection rates, document the need for control based on established thresholds, and monitor control efficacy.
  • Surveillance can be subdivided into three categories based on the objective of the surveillance effort; these are: larval mosquito surveillance, adult mosquito surveillance and WWNV transmission activity.
  • However, the surveillance elements are complementary, and in combination provide the information required for IVM decisions.

References

  1. ↑ Rose RI (2001). "Pesticides and public health: integrated methods of mosquito management". Emerg Infect Dis. 7 (1): 17–23. doi:10.3201/eid0701.700017. PMC 2631680. PMID 11266290.


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