Alstrom syndrome pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

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==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, USA with the [[University of Southampton]], UK isolated the single [[gene]] ([[ALMS1]]) responsible for Alstrőm Syndrome. The gene is [[recessive]] (it must be passed from both parents for the syndrome to manifest).
The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, USA with the University of Southampton, UK isolated the single [[gene]] ([[ALMS1]]) responsible for Alstrőm Syndrome. The gene is [[recessive]] (it must be passed from both parents for the syndrome to manifest).


The key features are childhood obesity, blindness due to congenital cone-rod retinal [[dystrophy]], and [[sensorineural hearing loss]]. Associated[[endocrinology|endocrinologic]] features include [[hyperinsulinemia]], early-onset [[type 2 diabetes]], and [[hypertriglyceridemia]].  Thus, AS shares several features with the common metabolic syndrome, namely [[obesity]], [[hyperinsulinemia]], and [[hypertriglyceridemia]]. Mutations in the [[ALMS1]] gene have been found to be causative for AS with a total of 79 disease-causing mutations having been described.<ref name="pmid18154657">{{cite journal | author=Joy T, Cao H, Black G, Malik R, Charlton-Menys V, Hegele RA, Durrington PN |title=Alstrom syndrome (OMIM 203800): a case report and literature review. | journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | year=2007 | volume=2 | issue=1 | pmid = 18154657 | url=http://www.ojrd.com/content/pdf/1750-1172-2-49.pdf | pmc=2266715 |doi=10.1186/1750-1172-2-49 |pages=49}}</ref>
The key features are childhood [[obesity]], [[blindness]] due to congenital cone-rod retinal dystrophy, and [[sensorineural hearing loss]]. Associated [[endocrinology|endocrinologic]] features include [[hyperinsulinemia]], early-onset [[type 2 diabetes]], and [[hypertriglyceridemia]].  Thus, AS shares several features with the common [[metabolic syndrome]], namely [[obesity]], [[hyperinsulinemia]], and [[hypertriglyceridemia]]. Mutations in the [[ALMS1]] gene have been found to be causative for AS with a total of 79 disease-causing mutations having been described.<ref name="pmid18154657">{{cite journal | author=Joy T, Cao H, Black G, Malik R, Charlton-Menys V, Hegele RA, Durrington PN |title=Alstrom syndrome (OMIM 203800): a case report and literature review. | journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | year=2007 | volume=2 | issue=1 | pmid = 18154657 | url=http://www.ojrd.com/content/pdf/1750-1172-2-49.pdf | pmc=2266715 |doi=10.1186/1750-1172-2-49 |pages=49}}</ref>


* The cone-rod retinal dystrophy usually develops within the first few weeks after birth and the symptoms include [[nystagmus]] and extreme photodysphoria (light sensitivity). It is progressive and by the second decade of life leads to loss of perception of light (blindness).   
* The cone-rod retinal dystrophy usually develops within the first few weeks after birth and the symptoms include [[nystagmus]] and extreme photodysphoria (light sensitivity). It is progressive and by the second decade of life leads to loss of perception of light (blindness).   
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* Insulin resistance develops in majority of children and is associated with [[acanthosis nigricans]].  By the end of third decade of life it eventually proceeds to [[type 2 diabetes mellitus]] with associated [[dyslipidemia]].
* Insulin resistance develops in majority of children and is associated with [[acanthosis nigricans]].  By the end of third decade of life it eventually proceeds to [[type 2 diabetes mellitus]] with associated [[dyslipidemia]].
* Other endocrine abnormalities usually seen in this disorder include [[hypothyroidism]], [[hypogonadotropic hypogonadism]] in boys, and [[polycystic ovaries]] in girls.
* Other endocrine abnormalities usually seen in this disorder include [[hypothyroidism]], [[hypogonadotropic hypogonadism]] in boys, and [[polycystic ovaries]] in girls.
* About 50% of individuals have delay in early developmental milestones; intelligence is normal.  
* About 50% of individuals have delay in early [[developmental milestones]]; intelligence is normal.  
 
* Liver involvement includes elevation of [[transaminase]]s, [[steatosis]], [[hepatosplenomegaly]], and [[steatohepatitis]]. [[Portal hypertension]] and [[cirrhosis]] can lead to [[hepatic encephalopathy]] and life-threatening [[esophageal varices]].  
* Liver involvement includes elevation of transaminases, steatosis, hepatosplenomegaly, and steatohepatitis. Portal hypertension and cirrhosis can lead to hepatic encephalopathy and life-threatening esophageal varices.  
* Pulmonary dysfunction and severe renal disease may also develop. Pulmonary dysfunction can range from frequent bronchial infections to pulmonary fibrosis and [[pulmonary hypertension]].  Renal disease is progressive and the severity of [[glomerulosclerosis]] is highly variable.  [[End-stage renal disease]] ([[ESRD]]) can occur as early as the late teens.
 
* Pulmonary dysfunction and severe renal disease may also develop. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) can occur as early as the late teens.


===Genetics===
===Genetics===
ALMS1 encodes a protein whose function is unknown.  Mutations in this gene can lead to production of a dysfunctional protein that might be responsible for the signs and symptoms of Alstrom disease.  Alström syndrome (AS) is a rare [[autosomal]] recessive disease characterized by multiorgan dysfunction.
[[ALMS1]] encodes a protein whose function is unknown.  [[Mutation]]s in this gene can lead to production of a dysfunctional protein that might be responsible for the signs and symptoms of Alstrom disease.  Alström syndrome (AS) is a rare [[autosomal]] recessive disease characterized by multi-organ dysfunction.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Genetic Disease]]
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Latest revision as of 20:04, 14 March 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1], Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aarti Narayan, M.B.B.S [2]; Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3]

Pathophysiology

The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, USA with the University of Southampton, UK isolated the single gene (ALMS1) responsible for Alstrőm Syndrome. The gene is recessive (it must be passed from both parents for the syndrome to manifest).

The key features are childhood obesity, blindness due to congenital cone-rod retinal dystrophy, and sensorineural hearing loss. Associated endocrinologic features include hyperinsulinemia, early-onset type 2 diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia. Thus, AS shares several features with the common metabolic syndrome, namely obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Mutations in the ALMS1 gene have been found to be causative for AS with a total of 79 disease-causing mutations having been described.[1]

Genetics

ALMS1 encodes a protein whose function is unknown. Mutations in this gene can lead to production of a dysfunctional protein that might be responsible for the signs and symptoms of Alstrom disease. Alström syndrome (AS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by multi-organ dysfunction.

References

  1. Joy T, Cao H, Black G, Malik R, Charlton-Menys V, Hegele RA, Durrington PN (2007). "Alstrom syndrome (OMIM 203800): a case report and literature review" (PDF). Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 2 (1): 49. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-2-49. PMC 2266715. PMID 18154657.


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