Knee pain/swelling: Difference between revisions

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'''For patient information, click [[Knee pain/swelling (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Infobox_Disease |
{{Infobox_Disease |
   Name          = {{PAGENAME}} |
   Name          = {{PAGENAME}} |
   Image          = Knee swelling in osteosarcoma.jpg|
   Image          = Knee swelling in osteosarcoma.jpg|
   Caption        = |
   Caption        = |
  DiseasesDB    = |
  ICD10          = |
  ICD9          = |
  ICDO          = |
  OMIM          = |
  MedlinePlus    = |
  eMedicineSubj  = |
  eMedicineTopic = |
  MeshID        = |
}}
}}
{{SI}}
{{Knee pain/swelling}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}


==[[Knee pain/swelling overview|Overview]]==


==[[Knee pain/swelling historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==


The most common reasons of knee pain can include;
==[[Knee pain/swelling classification|Classification]]==
==Differential diagnosis of knee pain/swelling==
===Common causes===
====Acute knee pain====
* Ligament injuries
* Tendon injuries ([[tendinitis]])
* [[Meniscus injuries]]
* Loose body
* Dislocated kneecap
* [[Osgood-Schlatter disease]]
* [[Iliotibial band syndrome]]
* Hyperextended knee
* [[Septic arthritis]]


====Chronic knee pain====
==[[Knee pain/swelling pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
* [[Osteoarthritis]]
* [[Gout]]
* [[Chondromalacia]] of the [[patella]], or patellofemoral pain


===Causes by Organ System===
==[[Knee pain/swelling causes|Causes]]==
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Erythema nodosum]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Psoriasis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypophosphatemic rickets]], [[Rickets]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Neuropathic (Charcot's) knee joint]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crohn's disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ankylosing Spondylitis]], [[Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple]], 2, [[Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple]], 3, [[Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple]], 5, [[Fairbanks disease]], [[Handigodu Syndrome]], [[Hemoglobinopathies]], [[Hemophilia]], [[Jaffe-Lichtenstein-Sutro syndrome]], [[Juvenile Paget's Disease]], [[Paget's disease of bone]], [[Paget's disease, type 1]], [[Paget's disease, type 4]], [[Singh-Williams-McAlister, syndrome]], [[Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia]], [[Talo-patello-scaphoid osteolysis]], [[TAR syndrome]], [[Hypophosphatemic rickets]], [[Rickets]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[Pyrophosphate arthropathy]], [[Trochlear dysplasia]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute leukemia]], [[Bleeding disorders]], [[Hemarthrosis]], [[Leukemia]], [[Hemoglobinopathies]], [[Hemophilia]], [[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]], [[TAR syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arthroscopic lavage]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Clutton's joints]], [[Congenital syphilis]], [[Knee arthritis]], [[Knee bacterial infection]], [[Knee infection]], [[Knee inflammation]], [[Lyme disease]], [[Neuropathic (Charcot's) knee joint]], [[Pyarthrosis]], [[Pyogenic infection]], [[Septic arthritis]], [[Yersiniosis]], [[Tendinitis]], [[Viral infection]], [[Synovitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anterior cruciate ligament injury]], [[Arthritis]], [[Baker's cyst]], [[Brodie knee]], [[Bursitis]], [[Chondromalacia patellae]],[[Dislocated knee]], [[Dislocated patella]], [[Fallen arches]], [[Femoral condyle fracture]], [[Fractured patella]], [[Fractured tibial plateau]], [[Gait problems]], [[Gout]], [[Gram's syndrome]], [[Hip dislocation]], [[Hip injury]], [[Hip Replacement]], [[Intermittent hydrarthrosis]], [[Johansson-Sinding-Larsen syndrome]], [[Knee cyst]], [[Knee tumor]], [[Knock knees]], [[Lipoarthritis]], [[Lipoma arborescens]], [[Medial ligament injury]], [[Meniscal cartilage replacement therapy]], [[Meniscal cyst]], [[Meniscus injury]], [[Osgood-Schlatter's disease]], [[Osteoarthritis]], [[Osteochondritis dissecans]], [[Osteochondroma]], [[Osteochondrosis]], [[Osteosarcoma]], [[Patellar tendinitis]], [[Patello-femoral pain syndrome]], [[Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome]], [[Pigmented villonodular synovitis]], [[Plica Syndrome]], [[Popliteal cyst]], [[Prepatellar bursitis]], [[Psoriasis]], [[Pyrophosphate arthropathy]], [[Reactive arthritis]], [[Reiter’s syndrome]], [[Rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Sciatica]], [[Seronegative spondyloarthropathy]], [[Sinding Larsen-Johannson disease]], [[Spinal cord injury]], [[Strength training]], [[Supracondylar femur fracture]], [[Synovial chondromatosis]], [[Synovial osteochondromatosis]], [[Synovial plica syndrome]], [[Synovioma]], [[Synovitis]], [[Tendinitis]], [[Torn ligament]], [[Trauma]], [[Trochlear dysplasia]], [[Viral infection]], [[Weak ankles]], [[Weight training]], [[Ankylosing Spondylitis - knee arthritis]], [[Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, 2]], [[Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, 3]], [[Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, 5]], [[Fairbanks disease]], [[Handigodu Syndrome]], [[Jaffe-Lichtenstein-Sutro syndrome]], [[Juvenile Paget's Disease]], [[Paget's disease of bone]], [[Paget's disease, type 1]], [[Paget's disease, type 4]], [[Singh-Williams-McAlister, syndrome]], [[Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda]], [[Talo-patello-scaphoid osteolysis]], [[TAR syndrome]], [[Hemarthrosis]], [[Clutton's joints]], [[Knee arthritis]], [[Knee bacterial infection]], [[Knee infection]], [[Knee inflammation]], [[Lyme disease]], [[Pyogenic infection]], [[Yersiniosis]], [[Scurvy]], [[Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy periostitis]], [[Inflammatory arthritis]], [[Juvenile chronic arthritis]], [[Juvenile idiopathic arthritis]], [[Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis]], [[Still's disease]], [[Hoffa's disease]], [[Housemaid's knee]], [[Knee fracture]], [[Knee overuse]], [[Knee sprain]], [[Knee strain]], [[Knee tendinitis]], [[Orthopedic cast]], [[Hypophosphatemic rickets]], [[Rickets]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Gait problems]], [[Sciatica]], [[Spinal cord injury]], [[Neuropathic (Charcot's) knee joint]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Scurvy]], [[Gout]], [[Juvenile Paget's Disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Congenital syphilis]], [[Clutton's joints]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Malignant bone tumor]], [[Acute leukemia]], [[Leukemia]], [[Gram's syndrome]], [[Knee tumor]], [[Osteochondroma]], [[Osteosarcoma]], [[Synovioma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy periostitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Common variable immunodeficiency]], [[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]], [[Inflammatory arthritis]], [[Juvenile chronic arthritis]], [[Juvenile idiopathic arthritis]], [[Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis]], [[Still's disease]], [[Erythema nodosum]], [[Osteochondrosis]], [[Psoriasis]], [[Reactive arthritis]], [[Reiter’s syndrome]], [[Rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Seronegative spondyloarthropathy]], [[Synovitis]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[Tendinitis]], [[Ankylosing Spondylitis - knee arthritis]], [[Handigodu Syndrome]], [[Knee arthritis]], [[Gout]], [[Gram's syndrome]], [[Sarcoidosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hoffa's disease]], [[Housemaid's knee]], [[Iliotibial band friction syndrome]], [[Knee fracture]], [[Knee overuse]], [[Knee sprain]], [[Knee strain]], [[Knee tendinitis]], [[Orthopedic cast]], [[Bursitis]], [[Chondromalacia patellae]], [[Cruciate injury]], [[Dislocated knee]], [[Dislocated patella]], [[Fallen arches]], [[Femoral condyle fracture]], [[Fractured patella]], [[Fractured tibial plateau]], [[Hip dislocation]], [[Hip injury]], [[Hip Replacement]], [[Johansson-Sinding-Larsen syndrome]], [[Medial ligament injury]], [[Meniscus injury]], [[Patellar tendinitis]], [[Patello-femoral pain syndrome]], [[Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome]], [[Prepatellar bursitis]], [[Sinding Larsen-Johannson disease]], [[Supracondylar femur fracture]], [[Torn ligament]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
==[[Knee pain/swelling differential diagnosis|Differentiating Knee pain/swelling from Other Diseases]]==
{{MultiCol}}
*[[Acute gouty arthritis]]
*[[Acute leukemia]]
*[[Adult Still's Disease]]
*[[Ankylosing Spondylitis - knee arthritis]]
*[[Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury]]
*[[Arthritis]]
*[[Arthroscopic lavage]]
*[[Baker's cyst]]
*[[Bleeding disorders]]
*[[Bone, ligament or cartilage damage]]
*[[Brodie knee]]
*[[Bursitis]]
*[[Chondromalacia patellae]]
*[[Chronic gouty arthritis]]
*[[Clutton's joints]]
*[[Common variable immunodeficiency]]
*[[Congenital syphilis]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Discoid meniscus]]
*[[Dislocated knee]]
*[[Dislocated patella]]
*[[Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, 2]]
*[[Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, 3]]
*[[Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, 5]]
*[[Erythema nodosum]]
*[[Fairbanks disease]]
*[[Fallen arches]]
*[[Femoral condyle fracture]]
*[[Fractured patella]]
*[[Fractured tibial plateau]]
*[[Gait problems]]
*[[Gonococcal pyarthrosis]]
*[[Gonococcemia]]
*[[Gram's syndrome]]
*[[Handigodu Syndrome]]
*[[Hemarthrosis]]
*[[Hemoglobinopathies]]
*[[Hemophilia]]
*[[Henoch-Schönlein purpura]]
*[[Hip dislocation]]
*[[Hip injury]]
*[[Hip or foot/ankle disease with referred pain to the knee]]
*[[Hip Replacement]]
*[[Hoffa's disease]]
*[[Housemaid's knee]]
*[[Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy periostitis]]
*[[Hypophosphatemic rickets]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Iliotibial band friction syndrome]]
*[[Iliotibial Band Syndrome]]
*[[Inflammatory arthritis]]
*[[Intermittent hydrarthrosis]]
*[[Jaffe-Lichtenstein-Sutro syndrome]]
*[[Johansson-Sinding-Larsen syndrome]]
*[[Joint effusion]]
*[[Joint infection]]
*[[Juvenile chronic arthritis]]
*[[Juvenile idiopathic arthritis]]
*[[Juvenile Paget's Disease]]
*[[Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis]]
*[[Knee arthritis]]
*[[Knee bacterial infection]]
*[[Knee cyst]]
*[[Knee fracture]]
*[[Knee infection]]
*[[Knee inflammation]]
*[[Knee overuse]]
*[[Knee sprain]]
*[[Knee strain]]
*[[Knee tendinitis]]
*[[Knee tumor]]
*[[Knock knees]]
*[[Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) injury]]
*[[Leukemia]]
*[[Lipoarthritis]]
*[[Lipoma arborescens]]
*[[Lyme disease]]
*[[Malignancy]]
*[[Malignant bone tumor]]
*[[Medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury]]
*[[Meniscal cartilage replacement therapy]]
*[[Meniscal cyst]]
*[[Meniscus tear]]
*[[Neuropathic (Charcot's) knee joint]]
*[[Orthopedic cast]]
*[[Osgood-Schlatter Disease]]
*[[Osteoarthritis]]
*[[Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)]]
*[[Osteochondroma]]
*[[Osteochondrosis]]
*[[Osteomyelitis]]
*[[Osteosarcoma]]
*[[Paget's disease of bone]]
*[[Paget's disease, type 1]]
*[[Paget's disease, type 4]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Patellar tendinitis]]
*[[Patellofemoral syndrome]]
*[[Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome]]
*[[Pes anserine bursitis]]
*[[Pigmented villonodular synovitis]]
*[[Plica Syndrome]]
*[[Popliteal cyst]]
*[[Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury]]
*[[Prepatellar bursitis]]
*[[Pseudogout]]
*[[Psoriatic arthritis]]
*[[Pyarthrosis]]
*[[Pyogenic infection]]
*[[Pyrophosphate arthropathy]]
*[[Reactive arthritis]]
*[[Reiter's Syndrome]]
*[[Rheumatoid Arthritis]]
*[[Rickets]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Sciatica]]
*[[Scleroderma]]
*[[Scurvy]]
*[[Septic arthritis]]
*[[Seronegative spondyloarthropathy]]
*[[Sinding Larsen-Johannson disease]]
*[[Singh-Williams-McAlister, syndrome]]
*[[Spinal cord injury]]
*[[Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda]]
*[[Strength training]]
*[[Supracondylar femur fracture]]
*[[Synovial chondromatosis]]
*[[Synovial osteochondromatosis]]
*[[Synovial plica syndrome]]
*[[Synovioma]]
*[[Synovitis]]
*[[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ]]
*[[Talo-patello-scaphoid osteolysis]]
*[[TAR syndrome]]
*[[Tendinitis]]
*[[Torn ligament]]
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Trochlear dysplasia]]
*[[Viral infection]]
*[[Weak ankles]]
*[[Weight training]]
*[[Yersiniosis]]
{{EndMultiCol}}


== Diagnosis ==  
==[[Knee pain/swelling epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==


=== History and Symptoms ===
==[[Knee pain/swelling risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
* Gait abnormalities
* [[Swelling]]
* Erythema
* Deformity
* Muscle atrophy


=== Physical Examination ===
==[[Knee pain/swelling natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
* Range of motion
* Palpate area of concern
* "Milk the joint"
* McMurray circumduction test
* Ligament testing


== Laboratory Findings ==  
==Diagnosis==
* [[Complete blood count]]
[[Knee pain/swelling history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Knee pain/swelling physical examination|Physical Examination]]| [[Knee pain/swelling laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Knee pain/swelling x ray|X Ray]] | [[Knee pain/swelling CT|CT]] | [[Knee pain/swelling MRI|MRI]] | [[Knee pain/swelling ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Knee pain/swelling other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Knee pain/swelling other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
* [[C-reactive protein]]
* [[Uric acid]]
* [[Alkaline phosphatase]]
* [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] ([[ESR]])


=== X-Ray ===  
==Treatment==
* Anteroposterior, lateral and merchant (or sunrise) films of both knees
[[Knee pain/swelling medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Knee pain/swelling surgery|Surgery]] | [[Knee pain/swelling primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Knee pain/swelling cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Knee pain/swelling future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
* Tunnel views of knee
* Merchant and sunrise of the patella


=== MRI and CT ===
== Case Studies ==
* MRI for confirmation of suspected diagnosis
[[Knee pain/swelling case study one|Case #1]]
 
{{WH}}
=== Other Diagnostic Studies ===
{{WS}}
* Bone scan
* Joint aspiration
== Treatment ==
* Conservative therapy is best
* Lifestyle changes
* Physical therapy
* Exercise
 
== Pharmacotherapy ==
 
=== Acute Pharmacotherapies ===
* Anti-inflammatory medications
* Joint medications
* Antibiotics
 
== Surgery and Device Based Therapy ==
* Surgery necessary for most ACL injuries
* Meniscal tears may require surgical repair
* Joint infection requires surgery (emergency)
* Surgery may be necessary for osteoarthritis, if conservative treatment fails
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Musculoskeletal Disease]]
[[Category:Musculoskeletal Disease]]
[[Category:Symptoms]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Medical signs]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
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Latest revision as of 22:27, 29 July 2020

For patient information, click here

Knee pain/swelling


Knee pain/swelling Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Knee pain/swelling from Other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination| Laboratory Findings | X Ray | CT | MRI | Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1 Template:WH Template:WS