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| {{CMG}}
| | #Redirect [[Mitral regurgitation cardiac catheterization]] |
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| '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}
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| {{Editor Help}}
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| ==Left Ventriculographic Evaluation of Mitral Regurgitation==
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| Both the RAO and LAO/Cranial projections can be used to identify significant mitral regurgitation. Grading the amount of regurgitation is based on the amount of opacification of the atrium compared to the ventricular opacification, atrial size and the number of cycles required for maximal opacification. Elevation of left atrial pressure in acute regurgitation and dilation of the left atrium from chronic regurgitation can both interfere with the use of this grading system.
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| 1+ Brief and incomplete atrial opacification over several cycles. Clears rapidly. No atrial enlargement.
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| <googlevideo>8237703398893439012&hl=en</googlevideo> 1+ MR
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| <googlevideo>-8044287213933915863&hl=en</googlevideo> 1+ MR LAO with SAM
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| 2+ Moderate opacification of the atria with each cycle. Never greater than LV opacification. No significant LA enlargement.
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| <googlevideo>-3259427927007644054&hl=en</googlevideo> 2+ MR
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| 3+ Atrial opacification equal to ventricular opacification. Delayed clearing of atria over several cycles. Significant enlargement of the LA.
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| <googlevideo>-8295323872088090226&hl=en</googlevideo> 3-4+ MR
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| <googlevideo>2584010676245016071&hl=en</googlevideo> 3+ MR
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| 4+ Atrial Opacification immediate and greater than that of the ventricle. Severe enlagement of the LA. Opacification of the pulmonary veins.
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| <googlevideo>-5531059825466069834&hl=en</googlevideo> 4+ Paravalvular MR
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| <googlevideo>7527640933077169571&hl=en</googlevideo> 4+ MR
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| ==Severe Mitral Regurgitation by Ventriculogram==
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| <youtube v=PWsyET0ZBL8/>
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