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{{CMG}} {{AE}} [[User:Mmiller12|Meagan Miller]]; [[User:Sdawit|Sara Dawit]]; [[User:Ascheuffele|Anna Scheuffele]]; [[User:Travis Haneke|Travis Haneke]]; [[User:Amanda Just|Amanda Just]]; [[User:Eball |Evan Ball]]
{{CMG}} {{AE}} [[User:Mmiller12|Meagan Miller]]; [[User:Sdawit|Sara Dawit]]; [[User:Ascheuffele|Anna Scheuffele]]; [[User:Travis Haneke|Travis Haneke]]; [[User:Amanda Just|Amanda Just]]; [[User:Eball |Evan Ball]]
==Overview==
==Overview==
'''Patient engagement''', also called '''patient activation''' or '''patient participation''', is defined as "patient involvement in the decision-making process in matters pertaining to health."<ref name="mesh">Patient participation. National Library of Medicine - Medical Subject Headings. Available at https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2016/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Patient+Participation</ref>
'''Patient engagement''', also called '''patient activation''' or '''patient participation''', is defined as "patient involvement in the decision-making process in matters pertaining to health."<ref name="mesh">{{MeSH}}</ref>


Medicine is an ever evolving entity, and as such over recent decades the ideology of medicine has progressed from a physician-centered model to a patient-centered model.  Therefore, (PMID D010358) involving patients in the decision making process in matters that pertain to their own health (PMID D010358) is of the utmost importance. As technology continues to advance, physicians are looking for new ways to engage patients in their own health utilizing smartphone and tablet technology. Multiple randomized control studies have been performed to evaluate whether mobile health has an impact on chronic healthcare conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity.  
==Benefits==
===Patient activation===
Patient activation interventions may improve patient outcomes<ref name="pmid28160187">{{cite journal| author=Shortell SM, Poon BY, Ramsay PP, Rodriguez HP, Ivey SL, Huber T | display-authors=etal| title=A Multilevel Analysis of Patient Engagement and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Primary Care Practices of Accountable Care Organizations. | journal=J Gen Intern Med | year= 2017 | volume= 32 | issue= 6 | pages= 640-647 | pmid=28160187 | doi=10.1007/s11606-016-3980-z | pmc=5442008 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28160187  }} </ref> including the care of diabetes.<ref name="pmid24733301">{{cite journal| author=Bolen SD, Chandar A, Falck-Ytter C, Tyler C, Perzynski AT, Gertz AM et al.| title=Effectiveness and safety of patient activation interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. | journal=J Gen Intern Med | year= 2014 | volume= 29 | issue= 8 | pages= 1166-76 | pmid=24733301 | doi=10.1007/s11606-014-2855-4 | pmc=4099447 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24733301  }} </ref>.
 
===Error checking===
Patients may be able to detect errors in documentation<ref name="pmid32515797">{{cite journal| author=Bell SK, Delbanco T, Elmore JG, Fitzgerald PS, Fossa A, Harcourt K | display-authors=etal| title=Frequency and Types of Patient-Reported Errors in Electronic Health Record Ambulatory Care Notes. | journal=JAMA Netw Open | year= 2020 | volume= 3 | issue= 6 | pages= e205867 | pmid=32515797 | doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.5867 | pmc=7284300 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32515797  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27193032">{{cite journal| author=Bell SK, Mejilla R, Anselmo M, Darer JD, Elmore JG, Leveille S | display-authors=etal| title=When doctors share visit notes with patients: a study of patient and doctor perceptions of documentation errors, safety opportunities and the patient-doctor relationship. | journal=BMJ Qual Saf | year= 2017 | volume= 26 | issue= 4 | pages= 262-270 | pmid=27193032 | doi=10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004697 | pmc=7255406 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27193032  }} </ref>.
 
==Measuring patient engagement==
Patient activation can be measured with the "Patient Activation Measure".<ref name="pmid22127797">{{cite journal| author=Greene J, Hibbard JH| title=Why does patient activation matter? An examination of the relationships between patient activation and health-related outcomes. | journal=J Gen Intern Med | year= 2012 | volume= 27 | issue= 5 | pages= 520-6 | pmid=22127797 | doi=10.1007/s11606-011-1931-2 | pmc=3326094 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22127797  }} </ref>
 
Readiness to change can be measured by several methods:
* The Readiness to Change Ruler<ref>[http://www.adultmeducation.com/AssessmentTools_3.html Readiness-to-Change Ruler] Adult Mededucation</ref><ref name="pmid10735346">{{cite journal| author=Zimmerman GL, Olsen CG, Bosworth MF| title=A 'stages of change' approach to helping patients change behavior. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2000 | volume= 61 | issue= 5 | pages= 1409-16 | pmid=10735346 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000301/1409.html }} </ref>
* Prochaska's Stages of Change from the Transtheoretical Model of Change<ref name="pmid8168470">{{cite journal| author=Prochaska JO, Velicer WF, Rossi JS, Goldstein MG, Marcus BH, Rakowski W et al.| title=Stages of change and decisional balance for 12 problem behaviors. | journal=Health Psychol | year= 1994 | volume= 13 | issue= 1 | pages= 39-46 | pmid=8168470 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8168470 }} </ref>. The subjects answers one of the following about their current beliefs<ref>Fu, T., Mundorf, N., Redding, C. A., Brick, L., Paiva, A., & Prochaska, J. (2016, June). [http://journals.library.oregonstate.edu/index.php/trforum/article/view/4349 Exploring sustainable transportation attitudes and stages of change using survey and geospatial data in New England campus commuters]. In Journal of the Transportation Research Forum (Vol. 55, No. 2).</ref>:
## I do not regularly use __ and I do not intend to start within the next (six) months (Precontemplation)
## I am thinking about using __ regularly within the next (six) months (Contemplation)
## I plan to use __ regularly within the next 30 days (Preparation)
## I use __ regularly and have been for less than six months (Action)
## I use __ regularly and have for six months or more (Maintenance)
* The University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA) questionnaire<ref name="pmid2136111">{{cite journal| author=DiClemente CC, Hughes SO| title=Stages of change profiles in outpatient alcoholism treatment. | journal=J Subst Abuse | year= 1990 | volume= 2 | issue= 2 | pages= 217-35 | pmid=2136111 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> based on the [[Transtheoretical Model of Change]]. The URICA is 23 or 32 items and a 12 item "'Readiness to change" version<ref name="pmid1591525">{{cite journal| author=Rollnick S, Heather N, Gold R, Hall W| title=Development of a short 'readiness to change' questionnaire for use in brief, opportunistic interventions among excessive drinkers. | journal=Br J Addict | year= 1992 | volume= 87 | issue= 5 | pages= 743-54 | pmid=1591525 | doi=| pmc= | url= }} </ref> has been developed. The Ruler correlates with the full questionnaire<ref name="pmid15783287">{{cite journal| author=LaBrie JW, Quinlan T, Schiffman JE, Earleywine ME| title=Performance of alcohol and safer sex change rulers compared with readiness to change questionnaires. | journal=Psychol Addict Behav |year= 2005 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 112-5 | pmid=15783287 | doi=10.1037/0893-164X.19.1.112 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15783287  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1591525">{{cite journal| author=Rollnick S, Heather N, Gold R, Hall W| title=Development of a short 'readiness to change' questionnaire for use in brief, opportunistic interventions among excessive drinkers. | journal=Br J Addict |year= 1992 | volume= 87 | issue= 5 | pages= 743-54 | pmid=1591525 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> and predicts behavioral intentions<ref name="pmid15783287">{{cite journal| author=LaBrie JW, Quinlan T, Schiffman JE, Earleywine ME| title=Performance of alcohol and safer sex change rulers compared with readiness to change questionnaires. | journal=Psychol Addict Behav | year= 2005 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 112-5 | pmid=15783287 | doi=10.1037/0893-164X.19.1.112 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15783287  }} </ref>.
* Rollnick's motivational interviewing<ref>Rollnick, S., Heather, N., Gold, R., & Hall, W. (1992). Development of a short ‘readiness to change’questionnaire for use in brief, opportunistic interventions among excessive drinkers. Addiction, 87(5), 743-754. {{doi|10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02720.x}}</ref>
 
==How to increase patient engagement / participation==
A number of strategies have been reviewed<ref name="pmid30045735">{{cite journal| author=Bombard Y, Baker GR, Orlando E, Fancott C, Bhatia P, Casalino S | display-authors=etal| title=Engaging patients to improve quality of care: a systematic review. | journal=Implement Sci | year= 2018 | volume= 13 | issue= 1 | pages= 98 | pmid=30045735 | doi=10.1186/s13012-018-0784-z | pmc=6060529 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30045735  }} </ref>
 
Using stories to describe medical evidence may help communication.<ref name="pmid17763914">{{cite journal |author=Steiner JF |title=Using stories to disseminate research: the attributes of representative stories |journal=Journal of general internal medicine : official journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=1603–7 |year=2007 |pmid=17763914|doi=10.1007/s11606-007-0335-9}}</ref>
 
===Encouraging patients to contribute to decisions===
Encouraging the patient to participate in decisions may increase engagement and [[patient compliance]].<ref name="pmid17986698">{{cite journal |author=Bodenheimer T|title=A 63-year-old man with multiple cardiovascular risk factors and poor adherence to treatment plans |journal=JAMA |volume=298 |issue=17 |pages=2048–55 |year=2007|pmid=17986698 |doi=10.1001/jama.298.16.jrr70000}}</ref><ref name="pmid22127797">{{cite journal| author=Greene J, Hibbard JH| title=Why does patient activation matter? An examination of the relationships between patient activation and health-related outcomes. | journal=J Gen Intern Med | year= 2012 | volume= 27 | issue= 5 | pages= 520-6 | pmid=22127797 | doi=10.1007/s11606-011-1931-2 | pmc=3326094 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22127797  }} </ref>
 
===Consultation room design===
Designing the room so that patients can watch the [[health care provider]] enter information into the [[electronic health record]] may help<ref name="pmid25816377">{{cite journal| author=Ajiboye F, Dong F, Moore J, Kallail KJ, Baughman A| title=Effects of revised consultation room design on patient-physician communication. | journal=HERD | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 2 | pages= 8-17 | pmid=25816377 | doi=10.1177/1937586714565604 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25816377  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26769911">{{cite journal| author=Crampton NH, Reis S, Shachak A| title=Computers in the clinical encounter: a scoping review and thematic analysis. | journal=J Am Med Inform Assoc | year= 2016 | volume= 23 | issue= 3 | pages= 654-65 | pmid=26769911 | doi=10.1093/jamia/ocv178 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26769911  }} </ref><ref name="pmid31984318">{{cite journal| author=Asan O, Tyszka J, Crotty B| title=The electronic health record as a patient engagement tool: mirroring clinicians' screen to create a shared mental model. | journal=JAMIA Open | year= 2018 | volume= 1 | issue= 1 | pages= 42-48 | pmid=31984318 | doi=10.1093/jamiaopen/ooy006 | pmc=6952027 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31984318  }} </ref>.
 
===Patient portals to electronic health records===
Patient portals may increase patient activation and reporting of errors<ref name="pmid24304001">{{cite journal| author=Walker J, Darer JD, Elmore JG, Delbanco T| title=The road toward fully transparent medical records. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2014 | volume= 370 | issue= 1 | pages= 6-8 | pmid=24304001 | doi=10.1056/NEJMp1310132 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24304001  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30973347">{{cite journal| author=Dendere R, Slade C, Burton-Jones A, Sullivan C, Staib A, Janda M| title=Patient Portals Facilitating Engagement With Inpatient Electronic Medical Records: A Systematic Review. | journal=J Med Internet Res | year= 2019 | volume= 21 | issue= 4 | pages= e12779 | pmid=30973347 | doi=10.2196/12779 | pmc=6482406 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30973347  }} </ref>.
 
===Release of test results to patients===
Test results can be released directly to patients, in real time, without accompanying interpretation by [[health care provider]]s<ref name="pmid27337092">{{cite journal| author=Pillemer F, Price RA, Paone S, Martich GD, Albert S, Haidari L | display-authors=etal| title=Direct Release of Test Results to Patients Increases Patient Engagement and Utilization of Care. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2016 | volume= 11 | issue= 6 | pages= e0154743 | pmid=27337092 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0154743 | pmc=4919031 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27337092  }} </ref>.
 
Real time release of results may increase anxiety in a minority of patients<ref name="pmid32044753">{{cite journal| author=van Kuppenveld SI, van Os-Medendorp H, Tiemessen NA, van Delden JJ| title=Real-Time Access to Electronic Health Record via a Patient Portal: Is it Harmful? A Retrospective Observational Study. | journal=J Med Internet Res | year= 2020 | volume= 22 | issue= 2 | pages= e13622 | pmid=32044753 | doi=10.2196/13622 | pmc=7055752 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32044753  }} </ref><ref name="pmid29240899">{{cite journal| author=Giardina TD, Baldwin J, Nystrom DT, Sittig DF, Singh H| title=Patient perceptions of receiving test results via online portals: a mixed-methods study. | journal=J Am Med Inform Assoc | year= 2018 | volume= 25 | issue= 4 | pages= 440-446 | pmid=29240899 | doi=10.1093/jamia/ocx140 | pmc=5885801 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29240899  }} </ref>
 
Release of test results to patients, especially if accompanied by physician interpretation may be helpful<ref name="pmid27337092">{{cite journal| author=Pillemer F, Price RA, Paone S, Martich GD, Albert S, Haidari L | display-authors=etal| title=Direct Release of Test Results to Patients Increases Patient Engagement and Utilization of Care. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2016 | volume= 11 | issue= 6 | pages= e0154743 | pmid=27337092 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0154743 | pmc=4919031 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27337092  }} </ref>


==Patient Engagement / Participation==
===Mobile Health===
===Mobile Health===
{{main|Mobile health}}


Mobile phone text messaging approximately doubles the odds of medication adherence. A [[meta analysis]] was conducted of 16 [[randomized control trial]]s to assess the effect of mobile phone text messaging on medication adherence in the setting chronic disease. Study concluded that this intervention improved adherence rates from 50% to 67.8% or an absolute increase of 17.8%.<ref name="pmid26831740">{{cite journal| author=Thakkar J, Kurup R, Laba TL, Santo K, Thiagalingam A, Rodgers A et al.| title=Mobile Telephone Text Messaging for Medication Adherence in Chronic Disease: A Meta-analysis. | journal=JAMA Intern Med | year= 2016 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=26831740 | doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7667 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26831740  }} </ref>
==External links==
 
* [https://catalyst.nejm.org/topic/topics/patient-engagement Patient engagement at NEJM Catalyst]
Mobile health technology has been shown to have a greater reduction in &nbsp;hemoglobin A1c in the setting of diabetes. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of simultaneous mobile health technology in use of diabetes care, when initiating basal insulin therapy, showed a greater reduction in A1c level compared with standard therapy of basal insulin (3.2 ± 1.5% vs. 2.0% ± 2.0%; P = 0.048). This study suggests the use of mobile technology may be an effective form of communication between patients and providers and increase active patient engagement in their health.<ref name="pmid26645932">{{cite journal| author=Hsu WC, Lau KH, Huang R, Ghiloni S, Le H, Gilroy S et al.| title=Utilization of a Cloud-Based Diabetes Management Program for Insulin Initiation and Titration Enables Collaborative Decision Making Between Healthcare Providers and Patients. | journal=Diabetes Technol Ther | year= 2016 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 59-67 | pmid=26645932 | doi=10.1089/dia.2015.0160 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26645932  }} </ref>
* https://www.opennotes.org/


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2 Utilization of a Cloud-Based Diabetes }}
{{Reflist|2}}

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Meagan Miller; Sara Dawit; Anna Scheuffele; Travis Haneke; Amanda Just; Evan Ball

Overview

Patient engagement, also called patient activation or patient participation, is defined as "patient involvement in the decision-making process in matters pertaining to health."[1]

Benefits

Patient activation

Patient activation interventions may improve patient outcomes[2] including the care of diabetes.[3].

Error checking

Patients may be able to detect errors in documentation[4][5].

Measuring patient engagement

Patient activation can be measured with the "Patient Activation Measure".[6]

Readiness to change can be measured by several methods:

  • The Readiness to Change Ruler[7][8]
  • Prochaska's Stages of Change from the Transtheoretical Model of Change[9]. The subjects answers one of the following about their current beliefs[10]:
    1. I do not regularly use __ and I do not intend to start within the next (six) months (Precontemplation)
    2. I am thinking about using __ regularly within the next (six) months (Contemplation)
    3. I plan to use __ regularly within the next 30 days (Preparation)
    4. I use __ regularly and have been for less than six months (Action)
    5. I use __ regularly and have for six months or more (Maintenance)
  • The University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA) questionnaire[11] based on the Transtheoretical Model of Change. The URICA is 23 or 32 items and a 12 item "'Readiness to change" version[12] has been developed. The Ruler correlates with the full questionnaire[13][12] and predicts behavioral intentions[13].
  • Rollnick's motivational interviewing[14]

How to increase patient engagement / participation

A number of strategies have been reviewed[15]

Using stories to describe medical evidence may help communication.[16]

Encouraging patients to contribute to decisions

Encouraging the patient to participate in decisions may increase engagement and patient compliance.[17][6]

Consultation room design

Designing the room so that patients can watch the health care provider enter information into the electronic health record may help[18][19][20].

Patient portals to electronic health records

Patient portals may increase patient activation and reporting of errors[21][22].

Release of test results to patients

Test results can be released directly to patients, in real time, without accompanying interpretation by health care providers[23].

Real time release of results may increase anxiety in a minority of patients[24][25]

Release of test results to patients, especially if accompanied by physician interpretation may be helpful[23]

Mobile Health

Main article: Mobile health

External links

References

  1. ↑ Anonymous (2024), Patient engagement (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  2. ↑ Shortell SM, Poon BY, Ramsay PP, Rodriguez HP, Ivey SL, Huber T; et al. (2017). "A Multilevel Analysis of Patient Engagement and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Primary Care Practices of Accountable Care Organizations". J Gen Intern Med. 32 (6): 640–647. doi:10.1007/s11606-016-3980-z. PMC 5442008. PMID 28160187.
  3. ↑ Bolen SD, Chandar A, Falck-Ytter C, Tyler C, Perzynski AT, Gertz AM; et al. (2014). "Effectiveness and safety of patient activation interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression". J Gen Intern Med. 29 (8): 1166–76. doi:10.1007/s11606-014-2855-4. PMC 4099447. PMID 24733301.
  4. ↑ Bell SK, Delbanco T, Elmore JG, Fitzgerald PS, Fossa A, Harcourt K; et al. (2020). "Frequency and Types of Patient-Reported Errors in Electronic Health Record Ambulatory Care Notes". JAMA Netw Open. 3 (6): e205867. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.5867. PMC 7284300 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32515797 Check |pmid= value (help).
  5. ↑ Bell SK, Mejilla R, Anselmo M, Darer JD, Elmore JG, Leveille S; et al. (2017). "When doctors share visit notes with patients: a study of patient and doctor perceptions of documentation errors, safety opportunities and the patient-doctor relationship". BMJ Qual Saf. 26 (4): 262–270. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004697. PMC 7255406 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 27193032.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Greene J, Hibbard JH (2012). "Why does patient activation matter? An examination of the relationships between patient activation and health-related outcomes". J Gen Intern Med. 27 (5): 520–6. doi:10.1007/s11606-011-1931-2. PMC 3326094. PMID 22127797.
  7. ↑ Readiness-to-Change Ruler Adult Mededucation
  8. ↑ Zimmerman GL, Olsen CG, Bosworth MF (2000). "A 'stages of change' approach to helping patients change behavior". Am Fam Physician. 61 (5): 1409–16. PMID 10735346.
  9. ↑ Prochaska JO, Velicer WF, Rossi JS, Goldstein MG, Marcus BH, Rakowski W; et al. (1994). "Stages of change and decisional balance for 12 problem behaviors". Health Psychol. 13 (1): 39–46. PMID 8168470.
  10. ↑ Fu, T., Mundorf, N., Redding, C. A., Brick, L., Paiva, A., & Prochaska, J. (2016, June). Exploring sustainable transportation attitudes and stages of change using survey and geospatial data in New England campus commuters. In Journal of the Transportation Research Forum (Vol. 55, No. 2).
  11. ↑ DiClemente CC, Hughes SO (1990). "Stages of change profiles in outpatient alcoholism treatment". J Subst Abuse. 2 (2): 217–35. PMID 2136111.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Rollnick S, Heather N, Gold R, Hall W (1992). "Development of a short 'readiness to change' questionnaire for use in brief, opportunistic interventions among excessive drinkers". Br J Addict. 87 (5): 743–54. PMID 1591525.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 LaBrie JW, Quinlan T, Schiffman JE, Earleywine ME (2005). "Performance of alcohol and safer sex change rulers compared with readiness to change questionnaires". Psychol Addict Behav. 19 (1): 112–5. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.19.1.112. PMID 15783287.
  14. ↑ Rollnick, S., Heather, N., Gold, R., & Hall, W. (1992). Development of a short ‘readiness to change’questionnaire for use in brief, opportunistic interventions among excessive drinkers. Addiction, 87(5), 743-754. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02720.x
  15. ↑ Bombard Y, Baker GR, Orlando E, Fancott C, Bhatia P, Casalino S; et al. (2018). "Engaging patients to improve quality of care: a systematic review". Implement Sci. 13 (1): 98. doi:10.1186/s13012-018-0784-z. PMC 6060529. PMID 30045735.
  16. ↑ Steiner JF (2007). "Using stories to disseminate research: the attributes of representative stories". Journal of general internal medicine : official journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 22 (11): 1603–7. doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0335-9. PMID 17763914.
  17. ↑ Bodenheimer T (2007). "A 63-year-old man with multiple cardiovascular risk factors and poor adherence to treatment plans". JAMA. 298 (17): 2048–55. doi:10.1001/jama.298.16.jrr70000. PMID 17986698.
  18. ↑ Ajiboye F, Dong F, Moore J, Kallail KJ, Baughman A (2015). "Effects of revised consultation room design on patient-physician communication". HERD. 8 (2): 8–17. doi:10.1177/1937586714565604. PMID 25816377.
  19. ↑ Crampton NH, Reis S, Shachak A (2016). "Computers in the clinical encounter: a scoping review and thematic analysis". J Am Med Inform Assoc. 23 (3): 654–65. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocv178. PMID 26769911.
  20. ↑ Asan O, Tyszka J, Crotty B (2018). "The electronic health record as a patient engagement tool: mirroring clinicians' screen to create a shared mental model". JAMIA Open. 1 (1): 42–48. doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooy006. PMC 6952027 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31984318.
  21. ↑ Walker J, Darer JD, Elmore JG, Delbanco T (2014). "The road toward fully transparent medical records". N Engl J Med. 370 (1): 6–8. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1310132. PMID 24304001.
  22. ↑ Dendere R, Slade C, Burton-Jones A, Sullivan C, Staib A, Janda M (2019). "Patient Portals Facilitating Engagement With Inpatient Electronic Medical Records: A Systematic Review". J Med Internet Res. 21 (4): e12779. doi:10.2196/12779. PMC 6482406. PMID 30973347.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Pillemer F, Price RA, Paone S, Martich GD, Albert S, Haidari L; et al. (2016). "Direct Release of Test Results to Patients Increases Patient Engagement and Utilization of Care". PLoS One. 11 (6): e0154743. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154743. PMC 4919031. PMID 27337092.
  24. ↑ van Kuppenveld SI, van Os-Medendorp H, Tiemessen NA, van Delden JJ (2020). "Real-Time Access to Electronic Health Record via a Patient Portal: Is it Harmful? A Retrospective Observational Study". J Med Internet Res. 22 (2): e13622. doi:10.2196/13622. PMC 7055752 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32044753 Check |pmid= value (help).
  25. ↑ Giardina TD, Baldwin J, Nystrom DT, Sittig DF, Singh H (2018). "Patient perceptions of receiving test results via online portals: a mixed-methods study". J Am Med Inform Assoc. 25 (4): 440–446. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocx140. PMC 5885801. PMID 29240899.
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