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'''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}
{{Adrenal_atrophy}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MHP}}


{{SK}} [[Adrenal atrophy]]; [[Adrenal insufficiency]]; [[Adrenal crisis]]




==Pathophysiology==
==[[Adrenal atrophy overview|Overview]]==


===Primary adrenal insufficiency===
==[[Adrenal atrophy historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==


Primary adrenal insufficiency, which can be acute or chronic, may be caused by the anatomic destruction of the gland. This destruction can have various causes, including [[tuberculosis]] (TB) or fungal infection, other diseases infiltrating the adrenal glands, and hemorrhage. However, the most frequent cause is idiopathic atrophy, which is probably autoimmune in origin.
==[[Adrenal atrophy classification|Classification]]==


Primary adrenal insufficiency also may be caused by metabolic failure (eg, insufficient hormone production). This failure may be a result of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, enzyme inhibitors (e.g., [[metyrapone]]), or cytotoxic agents (e.g., [[mitotane]]).
==[[Adrenal atrophy pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
==[[Adrenal atrophy causes|Causes]]==


Primary adrenocortical insufficiency is rare and it occurs at any age. The male-to-female ratio is 1:1.
==[[Adrenal atrophy differential diagnosis|Differentiating Adrenal atrophy from other Diseases]]==


===Secondary adrenal insufficiency===
==[[Adrenal atrophy epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==


Secondary adrenal insufficiency may be caused by [[hypopituitarism]] due to hypothalamic-pituitary disease, or it may result from suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis by exogenous steroids or endogenous steroids (i.e., [[tumor]]).
==[[Adrenal atrophy risk factors|Risk Factors]]==


Secondary adrenocortical insufficiency is relatively common. Extensive therapeutic use of steroids has greatly contributed to increased incidence.
==[[Adrenal atrophy screening|Screening]]==


===Acute adrenocortical insufficiency===
==[[Adrenal atrophy natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==


Adrenal crisis may result from an acute exacerbation of chronic insufficiency, usually caused by sepsis or surgical stress. Acute adrenal insufficiency also can be caused by adrenal hemorrhage (e.g., usually septicemia-induced [[Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome]] - [[fulminant meningococcemia]]) and anticoagulation complications.
==Diagnosis==
[[Adrenal atrophy history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Adrenal atrophy physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Adrenal atrophy laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Adrenal atrophy electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Adrenal atrophy x ray|X Ray]] | [[Adrenal atrophy CT|CT]] | [[Adrenal atrophy MRI|MRI]] | [[Adrenal atrophy ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Adrenal atrophy other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Adrenal atrophy other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]


[[Steroid]] withdrawal is the most common cause of acute adrenocortical insufficiency, and it almost exclusively causes a glucocorticoid deficiency.
==Treatment==
[[Adrenal atrophy medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Adrenal atrophy interventions|Interventions]] | [[Adrenal atrophy surgery|Surgery]] | [[Adrenal atrophy primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Adrenal atrophy secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Adrenal atrophy cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Adrenal atrophy future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


==Symptoms==
==Case Studies==
 
[[Adrenal atrophy case study one|Case #1]]
*[[Fatigue]]
*[[Weakness]]
*[[Depression]]
*[[Frustration]]
*Premenstrual tension
*[[Nervousness]]
*Scanty perspiration
*Inability to concentrate
*[[Lightheadedness]]
*Sweet cravings
*[[Irritability]]
*[[Insomnia]]
*[[Allergies]]
*[[Headache]]s
 
==Pathological Findings==
{{clr}}
<div align="center">
<gallery heights="175" widths="175">
Image:Adrenal atrophy 1.JPG|Adrenal atrophy [http://www.gfmer.ch/000_Homepage_En.htm Image courtesy of Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research]
Image:Adrenal atrophy 2.JPG|Adrenal atrophy [http://www.gfmer.ch/000_Homepage_En.htm Image courtesy of Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research]
Image:Adrenal atrophy 3.JPG|Adrenal atrophy [http://www.gfmer.ch/000_Homepage_En.htm Image courtesy of Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research]
Image:Adrenal atrophy 4.JPG|Adrenal atrophy [http://www.gfmer.ch/000_Homepage_En.htm Image courtesy of Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research]
Image:Adrenal atrophy 5.JPG|Adrenal atrophy [http://www.gfmer.ch/000_Homepage_En.htm Image courtesy of Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research]
Image:Adrenal atrophy 6.jpg|SCHILDER'S DISEASE, ADRENAL ATROPHY [http://www.peir.net Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD © PEIR University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology]
Image:Adrenal atrophy 7.jpg|SCHILDER'S DISEASE, ADRENAL ATROPHY, KIDNEY AND AORTA [http://www.peir.net Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology]
Image:Adrenal atrophy 8.jpg|ADDISON'S DISEASE, ADRENAL ATROPHY [http://www.peir.net Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology]
</gallery>
</div>
 
 
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
 
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Latest revision as of 21:23, 23 March 2023

Adrenal atrophy Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Adrenal atrophy from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X Ray

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maryam Hadipour, M.D.[2]

Synonyms and keywords: Adrenal atrophy; Adrenal insufficiency; Adrenal crisis


Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Adrenal atrophy from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram | X Ray | CT | MRI | Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Interventions | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

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