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{{WBRQuestion
{{WBRQuestion
|QuestionAuthor={{YD}} (Reviewed by {{YD}} and {{AJL}})
|QuestionAuthor= {{YD}} (Reviewed by {{YD}} and {{AJL}})
|ExamType=USMLE Step 1
|ExamType=USMLE Step 1
|MainCategory=Pathophysiology
|MainCategory=Pathophysiology
Line 21: Line 21:
|MainCategory=Pathophysiology
|MainCategory=Pathophysiology
|SubCategory=Renal
|SubCategory=Renal
|Prompt=A 72-year-old man is brought to the emergency department (ED) with high-grade fever and confusion. His temperature is 39.2 °C (102.5 °F), blood pressure is 78/58 mmHg, and heart rate is 108/min. Urinalysis in the ED demonstrates heavy leucocyturia and hematuria. The patient is diagnosed with urinary tract infection and septic shock and is admitted to the intensive care unit. The next day, the patient's foley catheter yields less than 100 mL of dark yellow urine over 24 hours. Further work-up demonstrates the values illustrated in the table shown below. What is the most likely cause of this patient’s oliguria?
|Prompt=A 72-year-old man is brought to the emergency department (ED) with high-grade fever and confusion. The patient is admitted to the hospital for appropriate management. The next day, the patient's Foley catheter yields less than 100 mL of dark yellow urine over 24 hours. Further work-up demonstrates the values illustrated in the table shown below. What is the most likely cause of this patient’s oliguria?


[[Image:WBR0399.png|400px]]
[[Image:WBR0399.png|500px]]
|Explanation=Acute kidney injury (AKI), formerly known as acute renal failure, is characterized by an abrupt loss of kidney function resulting in a failure to excrete nitrogenous waste products (among others), and a disruption of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. AKI defines a spectrum of disease with common clinical features including an increase in the serum creatinine and BUN levels, often associated with a reduction in urine volume. AKI can be caused by a multitude of factors broadly categorized into pre-renal (usually ischemic), intrinsic renal (usually toxic), and post-renal (usually obstructive) injuries.<br>
|Explanation=[[Image:Etiologies of AKI.jpg|800px]]<br>
[[Image:PrerenalAKI.jpg|500px]]<br>
[[Image:Distinguishing Prerenal Azotemia and ATN.png|600px]]<br>


[[Image:Etiologies of AKI.jpg|400px]]<br>
Acute kidney injury (AKI), formerly known as acute renal failure, is characterized by an abrupt loss of kidney function resulting in a failure to excrete nitrogenous waste products (among others), and a disruption of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. AKI defines a spectrum of disease with common clinical features including an increase in the serum creatinine and BUN levels, often associated with a reduction in urine volume. AKI can be caused by a multitude of factors broadly categorized into pre-renal (usually ischemic), intrinsic renal (usually toxic), and post-renal (usually obstructive) injuries. The patient’s presentation and lab values are characteristic of [[pre-renal acute kidney injury]]. Septic shock predisposes to acute kidney injury via ischemic, reperfusion, and direct inflammatory damage and is a common cause of pre-renal acute kidney injury. To differentiate different types of acute kidney injury, calculation of BUN/Creatinine ratio is helpful. [[BUN/Creatinine]] = 80 / 2.5 = 32.  Since the ratio is greater than 20, accompanied by elevated urine osmolarity > 500 mOsm/kg and urinary sodium < 20 mEq/L, the diagnosis of [[pre-renal azotemia]] is more likely than other renal or post-renal etiologies.
[[Image:PrerenalAKI.jpg|600px]]<br>
 
The patient’s presentation and lab values are characteristic of [[pre-renal acute kidney injury]]. Septic shock predisposes to acute kidney injury via ischemic, reperfusion, and direct inflammatory damage and is a common cause of pre-renal acute kidney injury. To differentiate different types of acute kidney injury, calculation of BUN/Creatinine ratio is helpful.<br>
[[Image:Distinguishing Prerenal Azotemia and ATN.png|400px]]<br>
 
[[BUN/Creatinine]] = 80 / 2.5 = 32.  Since the ratio is greater than 20, accompanied by elevated urine osmolarity > 500 mOsm/kg and urinary sodium < 20 mEq/L, the diagnosis of [[pre-renal azotemia]] is more likely than other renal or post-renal etiologies.
|AnswerA=Acute interstitial nephritis
|AnswerA=Acute interstitial nephritis
|AnswerAExp=[[Acute interstitial nephritis]], a type of renal injury, would not manifest with high BUN/Creatinine ratio. In contrast, renal etiologies of acute kidney injury would have a serum BUN/Creatinine ratio < 15 with urine osmolarity commonly < 350 mOsm/kg.
|AnswerAExp=[[Acute interstitial nephritis]] is a type of renal injury that would not typically manifest with high BUN/Creatinine ratio. In contrast, intrinsic renal causes of acute kidney injury typically manifest with a BUN/Creatinine ratio < 15 and urine osmolarity commonly < 350 mOsm/kg.
|AnswerB=Bilateral renal cortical necrosis
|AnswerB=Bilateral renal cortical necrosis
|AnswerBExp=Diffuse [[bilateral renal cortical necrosis]], a type of intrinsic renal injury, would not typically manifest with the lab values illustrated in the table. Diffuse [[bilateral renal cortical necrosis]] is usually an obstetric complication, which can also occur following trauma or sepsis.
|AnswerBExp=Diffuse bilateral renal cortical necrosis is also a type of intrinsic renal injury that would not typically manifest with the lab values shown in the table. Diffuse bilateral renal cortical necrosis is usually an obstetric complication, but it may also occur following trauma or sepsis.
|AnswerC=Renal stone complicated with hydronephrosis
|AnswerC=Renal stone complicated with hydronephrosis
|AnswerCExp=[[Renal stone]] complicated by [[hydronephrosis]], a type of post-renal acute kidney injury, would generally manfest with elevated urinary sodium > 40 mEq/L.
|AnswerCExp=Renal stone with hydronephrosis is a type of post-renal acute kidney injury that would typically manifest with elevated urinary sodium > 40 mEq/L.
|AnswerD=Urinary tract infection complicated by acute pyelonephritis
|AnswerD=Urinary tract infection complicated by acute pyelonephritis
|AnswerDExp=[[WBC casts]] are characteristic of [[pyelonephritis]]. Because [[WBC casts]] are absent in this patient, the diagnosis of acute [[pyelonephritis]] is unlikely. In addition, acute [[pyelonephritis]] would not manifest with an elevated serum BUN/Creatinine ratio as demonstrated in this patient.
|AnswerDExp=The hallmark of pyelonephritis is WBC casts, which are absent in this patient. Accordingly, the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis in this patient is less likely. In addition, acute pyelonephritis does not typically manifest with an elevated BUN/Creatinine ratio.
|AnswerE=Severe hypotension
|AnswerE=Severe hypotension
|AnswerEExp=Hypotension may result in pre-renal acute kidney injury. [[Pre-renal azotemia]] is characterized by a serum [[BUN/Creatinine]] ratio > 20, Urinary osmolarity > 500 mOsm/kg, and urinary sodium < 20 mEq/L.
|AnswerEExp=Hypotension may result from septic shock and may lead to pre-renal acute kidney injury. [[Pre-renal azotemia]] is characterized by a [[BUN/Creatinine]] ratio > 20, urinary osmolarity > 500 mOsm/kg, and urinary sodium < 20 mEq/L.
|EducationalObjectives=[[Pre-renal azotemia]], commonly resulting from severe [[hypotension]], is a subtype of acute kidney injury characterized by a serum BUN/Creatinine ratio > 20, Urinary osmolarity > 500 mOsm/kg, and urinary sodium < 20 mEq/L.
|EducationalObjectives=[[Pre-renal azotemia]], commonly resulting from severe [[hypotension]], is a subtype of acute kidney injury characterized by a BUN/Creatinine ratio > 20, Urinary osmolarity > 500 mOsm/kg, and urinary sodium < 20 mEq/L.
|References=Klahr S, Miller SB. Acute oliguria. N Eng J Med. 1998;338:671-675
|References=Klahr S, Miller SB. Acute oliguria. N Eng J Med. 1998;338:671-675
|RightAnswer=E
|RightAnswer=E
|WBRKeyword=kidney, excretory system, urine, renal, pre-renal azotemia, urinary sodium, renal injury, hypotension
|WBRKeyword=Pre-renal azotemia, Urinary sodium, Renal injury, Hypotension, BUN/creatinine, Prerenal acute kidney injury, Acute kidney injury, Acute tubular necrosis, Interstitial nephritis,
|Approved=Yes
|Approved=Yes
}}
}}

Latest revision as of 00:27, 28 October 2020
Author [[PageAuthor::Yazan Daaboul, M.D. (Reviewed by Yazan Daaboul, M.D. and Alison Leibowitz [1])]]
Exam Type ExamType::USMLE Step 1
Main Category MainCategory::Pathophysiology
Sub Category SubCategory::Renal
Prompt [[Prompt::A 72-year-old man is brought to the emergency department (ED) with high-grade fever and confusion. The patient is admitted to the hospital for appropriate management. The next day, the patient's Foley catheter yields less than 100 mL of dark yellow urine over 24 hours. Further work-up demonstrates the values illustrated in the table shown below. What is the most likely cause of this patient’s oliguria?

]]

Answer A AnswerA::Acute interstitial nephritis
Answer A Explanation [[AnswerAExp::Acute interstitial nephritis is a type of renal injury that would not typically manifest with high BUN/Creatinine ratio. In contrast, intrinsic renal causes of acute kidney injury typically manifest with a BUN/Creatinine ratio < 15 and urine osmolarity commonly < 350 mOsm/kg.]]
Answer B AnswerB::Bilateral renal cortical necrosis
Answer B Explanation [[AnswerBExp::Diffuse bilateral renal cortical necrosis is also a type of intrinsic renal injury that would not typically manifest with the lab values shown in the table. Diffuse bilateral renal cortical necrosis is usually an obstetric complication, but it may also occur following trauma or sepsis.]]
Answer C AnswerC::Renal stone complicated with hydronephrosis
Answer C Explanation [[AnswerCExp::Renal stone with hydronephrosis is a type of post-renal acute kidney injury that would typically manifest with elevated urinary sodium > 40 mEq/L.]]
Answer D AnswerD::Urinary tract infection complicated by acute pyelonephritis
Answer D Explanation [[AnswerDExp::The hallmark of pyelonephritis is WBC casts, which are absent in this patient. Accordingly, the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis in this patient is less likely. In addition, acute pyelonephritis does not typically manifest with an elevated BUN/Creatinine ratio.]]
Answer E AnswerE::Severe hypotension
Answer E Explanation [[AnswerEExp::Hypotension may result from septic shock and may lead to pre-renal acute kidney injury. Pre-renal azotemia is characterized by a BUN/Creatinine ratio > 20, urinary osmolarity > 500 mOsm/kg, and urinary sodium < 20 mEq/L.]]
Right Answer RightAnswer::E
Explanation [[Explanation::



Acute kidney injury (AKI), formerly known as acute renal failure, is characterized by an abrupt loss of kidney function resulting in a failure to excrete nitrogenous waste products (among others), and a disruption of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. AKI defines a spectrum of disease with common clinical features including an increase in the serum creatinine and BUN levels, often associated with a reduction in urine volume. AKI can be caused by a multitude of factors broadly categorized into pre-renal (usually ischemic), intrinsic renal (usually toxic), and post-renal (usually obstructive) injuries. The patient’s presentation and lab values are characteristic of pre-renal acute kidney injury. Septic shock predisposes to acute kidney injury via ischemic, reperfusion, and direct inflammatory damage and is a common cause of pre-renal acute kidney injury. To differentiate different types of acute kidney injury, calculation of BUN/Creatinine ratio is helpful. BUN/Creatinine = 80 / 2.5 = 32. Since the ratio is greater than 20, accompanied by elevated urine osmolarity > 500 mOsm/kg and urinary sodium < 20 mEq/L, the diagnosis of pre-renal azotemia is more likely than other renal or post-renal etiologies.
Educational Objective: Pre-renal azotemia, commonly resulting from severe hypotension, is a subtype of acute kidney injury characterized by a BUN/Creatinine ratio > 20, Urinary osmolarity > 500 mOsm/kg, and urinary sodium < 20 mEq/L.
References: Klahr S, Miller SB. Acute oliguria. N Eng J Med. 1998;338:671-675]]

Approved Approved::Yes
Keyword WBRKeyword::Pre-renal azotemia, WBRKeyword::Urinary sodium, WBRKeyword::Renal injury, WBRKeyword::Hypotension, WBRKeyword::BUN/creatinine, WBRKeyword::Prerenal acute kidney injury, WBRKeyword::Acute kidney injury, WBRKeyword::Acute tubular necrosis, WBRKeyword::Interstitial nephritis
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