Leptospirosis physical examination: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}};{{AE}}{{VSKP}} | {{CMG}};{{AE}}{{VSKP}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Physical examination findings of leptospirosis depends upon the severity of the disease. In the early days of the disease, patient may show signs of [[upper respiratory tract infections]], later findings varies with the severity of the disease, immune status of the host and the organ system involved. | |||
==Physical Examination Findings== | ==Physical Examination Findings== | ||
=== Appearance of the Patient === | === Appearance of the Patient === | ||
* Patient present with irritability and restlessness | * Patient present with [[irritability]] and [[restlessness]]. | ||
=== Vital Signs === | === Vital Signs === | ||
* Hypotension and circulatory collapse | * [[Hypotension]] and circulatory collapse. | ||
* | * [[Tachypnea]] | ||
* Tachycardia | * [[Tachycardia]] | ||
=== Skin === | === Skin === | ||
* Macular, maculopapular erythematous skin eruptions are seen in the face and trunk | * [[Macular]], [[maculopapular]] [[erythematous]] [[skin]] [[Eruption|eruptions]] are seen in the [[face]] and [[trunk]].<ref name="pmid14902167">{{cite journal| author=BEESON PB, HANKEY DD| title=Leptospiral meningitis. | journal=AMA Arch Intern Med | year= 1952 | volume= 89 | issue= 4 | pages= 575-83 | pmid=14902167 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14902167 }} </ref> | ||
* Purpura due to thrombocytopenia | * [[Purpura]] due to [[thrombocytopenia]]. | ||
=== HEENT === | === HEENT === | ||
* Icteric sclera is seen in patients with icteric leptospirosis | * Icteric [[sclera]] is seen in patients with icteric leptospirosis | ||
* Conjunctival suffusion: a charecterestic finding seen in patients with anicteric leptosirosis. Usually bilaeral and involving palpebral conjunctiva. | * [[Conjunctival]] suffusion: a charecterestic finding seen in patients with anicteric leptosirosis. Usually bilaeral and involving palpebral [[conjunctiva]].<ref name="Budihal2014">{{cite journal|last1=Budihal|first1=Suman Veerappa|title=Leptospirosis Diagnosis: Competancy of Various Laboratory Tests|journal=JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH|year=2014|issn=2249782X|doi=10.7860/JCDR/2014/6593.3950}}</ref> | ||
* Conjunctival | * [[Conjunctival hemorrhage|Conjunctival hemorrhages]]: may be unilateral or bilateral.<ref name="pmid1224630">{{cite journal| author=King SD, Urquhart AE| title=Laboratory investigations on four cases of leptospiral meningitis in Jamaica. | journal=West Indian Med J | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 4 | pages= 196-201 | pmid=1224630 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1224630 }} </ref> | ||
=== | |||
=== Lungs === | === Lungs === | ||
* Crepitations common in basal regions | * [[Crepitations]] common in basal regions | ||
=== Abdomen === | === Abdomen === | ||
* Right upper quadrant tenderness | * [[Right upper quadrant]] [[Tenderness (medicine)|tenderness]]<ref name="pmid9071036">{{cite journal| author=Silva MV, Camargo ED, Batista L, Vaz AJ, Ferreira AW, Barbosa PR| title=Application of anti-leptospira ELISA-IgM for the etiologic elucidation of meningitis. | journal=Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo | year= 1996 | volume= 38 | issue= 2 | pages= 153-6 | pmid=9071036 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9071036 }} </ref> | ||
* Hepatomegaly | * [[Hepatomegaly]] | ||
=== Extremities === | === Extremities === | ||
* Edema of the extremities | * [[Edema]] of the [[extremities]] | ||
* cold clammy extremities | * [[Cool extremities|cold clammy extremities]] | ||
=== Neuromuscular === | === Neuromuscular === | ||
Signs of meningitis such as neck stiffness, nuchal rigidity are present. | Signs of [[meningitis]] such as [[neck stiffness]], [[nuchal rigidity]] are present. | ||
Other signs include: | Other signs include: | ||
* Nystagmus | * [[Nystagmus]] | ||
* Spasticity | * [[Spasticity]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Diseases]] | |||
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]] | |||
[[Category:Disease]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | [[Category:Infectious disease]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Pulmonology]] | ||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | |||
[[Category:Otolaryngology]] | |||
[[Category:Neurology]] | |||
Latest revision as of 22:29, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Venkata Sivakrishna Kumar Pulivarthi M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Physical examination findings of leptospirosis depends upon the severity of the disease. In the early days of the disease, patient may show signs of upper respiratory tract infections, later findings varies with the severity of the disease, immune status of the host and the organ system involved.
Physical Examination Findings
Appearance of the Patient
- Patient present with irritability and restlessness.
Vital Signs
- Hypotension and circulatory collapse.
- Tachypnea
- Tachycardia
Skin
- Macular, maculopapular erythematous skin eruptions are seen in the face and trunk.[1]
- Purpura due to thrombocytopenia.
HEENT
- Icteric sclera is seen in patients with icteric leptospirosis
- Conjunctival suffusion: a charecterestic finding seen in patients with anicteric leptosirosis. Usually bilaeral and involving palpebral conjunctiva.[2]
- Conjunctival hemorrhages: may be unilateral or bilateral.[3]
Lungs
- Crepitations common in basal regions
Abdomen
Extremities
Neuromuscular
Signs of meningitis such as neck stiffness, nuchal rigidity are present.
Other signs include:
References
- ↑ BEESON PB, HANKEY DD (1952). "Leptospiral meningitis". AMA Arch Intern Med. 89 (4): 575–83. PMID 14902167.
- ↑ Budihal, Suman Veerappa (2014). "Leptospirosis Diagnosis: Competancy of Various Laboratory Tests". JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2014/6593.3950. ISSN 2249-782X.
- ↑ King SD, Urquhart AE (1975). "Laboratory investigations on four cases of leptospiral meningitis in Jamaica". West Indian Med J. 24 (4): 196–201. PMID 1224630.
- ↑ Silva MV, Camargo ED, Batista L, Vaz AJ, Ferreira AW, Barbosa PR (1996). "Application of anti-leptospira ELISA-IgM for the etiologic elucidation of meningitis". Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 38 (2): 153–6. PMID 9071036.