Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder history and symptoms: Difference between revisions
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Obtaining a thorough history is critical for the diagnosis of ADHD. It is particularly important to collect a [[family history]] with regard to psychiatric disorders, as ADHD has | *Obtaining a thorough history is critical for the diagnosis of ADHD. It is particularly important to collect a [[family history]] with regard to psychiatric disorders, as ADHD has a strong genetic component.<ref name="#x">Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. "Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs." Nat Genet. (2013). 45(9):984-94. doi: 10.1038/ng.2711. Epub 2013 Aug 11.</ref> It is also vital to understand how long the patient has been experiencing symptoms of ADHD, as the [[DSM]] V stipulates that symptoms must have been present for at least 6 months in order for a diagnosis of ADHD to be made. Similarly, an adult cannot be diagnosed with ADHD unless his/her symptoms were present prior to the age of 12 years.<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref> | ||
==Common symptoms== | ==Common symptoms== | ||
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Latest revision as of 15:38, 14 January 2019
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Charmaine Patel, M.D. [2], Haleigh Williams, B.S.
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Overview
The most common symptoms of ADHD include chronic and long-lasting hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention.[1]
History
- Obtaining a thorough history is critical for the diagnosis of ADHD. It is particularly important to collect a family history with regard to psychiatric disorders, as ADHD has a strong genetic component.[2] It is also vital to understand how long the patient has been experiencing symptoms of ADHD, as the DSM V stipulates that symptoms must have been present for at least 6 months in order for a diagnosis of ADHD to be made. Similarly, an adult cannot be diagnosed with ADHD unless his/her symptoms were present prior to the age of 12 years.[3]
Common symptoms
The primary symptoms of ADHD are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. While healthy people may exhibit these characteristics on occasion, they appear more frequently and in a more severe form in people with ADHD, and they often interfere with the patient’s academic or professional performance.[1]
Inattention means a person wanders off task, lacks persistence, has difficulty sustaining focus, and is disorganized; and these problems are not due to defiance or lack of comprehension. Inattention may manifest itself as:
- Overlooking details or making careless mistakes;
- Struggling to pay attention during lectures, conversations, or lengthy readings;
- Appearing not to be listening while being spoken to directly;
- Quickly losing focus and being easily distracted from the tasks at hand;
- Avoiding or disliking tasks that require sustained mental effort; and/or
- Being forgetful or easily distracted in daily activities, such as chores or errands.[1]
Hyperactivity means a person seems to move about constantly, especially in situations in which it is not appropriate, and excessively fidgets, taps, or talks. Impulsivity means a person behaves without thinking, including actions that may have high potential for harm. Impulsivity also encompasses a desire for immediate rewards and/or an inability to delay gratification. An impulsive person may be socially intrusive and excessively interrupt others or make important decisions without first considering the potential long-term consequences.[1] Hyperactivity/impulsivity may manifest as:
- Excessive fidgeting or squirming;
- Leaving their seats in situations where staying seated is expected, such as in the classroom or the office;
- Being unable to play or engage in hobbies quietly;
- Being constantly in motion or “on the go;”
- Talking nonstop; and/or
- Interrupting others during conversations or activities.[1]
ADHD symptoms can appear as early as between the ages of 3 and 6 and continue through adolescence and adulthood. Symptoms of ADHD can be mistaken for emotional or disciplinary problems or missed entirely in quiet, well-behaved children, which can lead to a delay in diagnosis. Adults with undiagnosed ADHD may have a history of poor academic performance, problems at work, or difficult or failed relationships.[1]
Girls and boys with ADHD often exhibit different changes in the course of their illness following treatment with Ritalin, a stimulant. At baseline, girls tended to exhibit more severe symptoms, especially inattentiveness. Although they showed a steeper decline in symptom severity over the six-year follow-up period compared to boys, their symptoms remained more severe than those of the boys throughout the study period, with the exception of hyperactivity and impulsivity in classroom settings.[4]
ADHD symptoms can change over time as a person ages. In young children with ADHD, hyperactivity-impulsivity is the most predominant symptom. As a child reaches elementary school, the symptom of inattention may become more prominent and cause the child to struggle academically. In adolescence, hyperactivity seems to lessen and may be replaced by feelings of restlessness or fidgeting, though inattention and impulsivity often remain. Many adolescents with ADHD also struggle with relationships and antisocial behavior.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 National Institute of Mental Health (NIH). (2016). "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder."
- ↑ Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. "Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs." Nat Genet. (2013). 45(9):984-94. doi: 10.1038/ng.2711. Epub 2013 Aug 11.
- ↑ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.
- ↑ Riddle MA, Yershova K, Lazzaretto D, Paykina N, Yenokyan G, Greenhill L; et al. (2013). "The Preschool Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Study (PATS) 6-year follow-up". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 52 (3): 264–278.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.12.007. PMC 3660093. PMID 23452683. Review in: Evid Based Ment Health. 2013 Aug;16(3):63