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==Overview==
'''Natural history and management of refractory benign esophageal strictures.'''
Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].


OR
'''Natural history and management of refractory benign esophageal strictures'''


Common causes of esophageal stricture include gastroesophageal reflux disease and caustic ingestions.
'''Peptic esophageal stricture: is surgery still necessary?'''


OR
'''Predictor of massive bleeding following stent placement for malignant oesophageal stricture/fistulae: a multicentre study'''


The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
'''Complications of esophageal stricture dilation'''


OR
'''Over time, the damage caused by stomach acid can scar the lining of the esophagus.When this scar tissue builds up, it makes the esophagus narrow. Called strictures, these narrow spots make it hard to swallow food and drinks, which can lead to weight lossand dehydration. medscape'''


The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]].
'''Refractory Esophageal Strictures: What To Do When Dilation Fails'''
* https://www.uptodate.com/contents/esophageal-stricture-the-basics?source=search_result&search=esophageal+stricture&selectedTitle=4%7E137    for patient inforamtion
medscape:


==Causes==
* Reinforce the need for patients with esophageal stricture to comply with the usual antireflux precautions and lifestyle modifications.
===Life-threatening Causes===
* Encourage weight loss.
*Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of esophageal stricture, however complications resulting from untreated esophageal stricture is common.
* Patients are told to eat smaller meals, avoid eating in a hurried fashion, and chew their food well.
===Common Causes===
* Ill-fitting dentures or poor dentition should be corrected if possible.
Esophageal stricture may be caused by:<ref name="pmid1483661">{{cite journal |vauthors=Csendes A, Braghetto I |title=Surgical management of esophageal strictures |journal=Hepatogastroenterology |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=502–10 |year=1992 |pmid=1483661 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Educate all patients with esophageal stricture about avoiding medications known to cause esophagitis, including over-the-counter medications such as aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
*Gastroesophageal reflux disease<ref name="pmid8338082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marks RD, Richter JE |title=Peptic strictures of the esophagus |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=88 |issue=8 |pages=1160–73 |year=1993 |pmid=8338082 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Inform all patients that the stricture recurrence rate for esophageal stricture is higher if they are noncompliant with PPI therapy.
*Caustic ingestions<ref name="pmid4020540">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wasserman RL, Ginsburg CM |title=Caustic substance injuries |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=169–74 |year=1985 |pmid=4020540 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* For patient education resources, see  Heartburn and GERD Center and Digestive Disorders Center, as well as  Acid Reflux (GERD) and  Heartburn.
*Previous surgery on the esophagus
*Surgical anastomosis
*Radiation therapy for thoracic or head and neck tumors<ref name="pmid7713784">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coia LR, Myerson RJ, Tepper JE |title=Late effects of radiation therapy on the gastrointestinal tract |journal=Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=1213–36 |year=1995 |pmid=7713784 |doi=10.1016/0360-3016(94)00419-L |url=}}</ref>
*Esophageal sclerotherapy<ref name="pmid1928999">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guynn TP, Eckhauser FE, Knol JA, Raper SE, Mulholland MW, Nostrant TT, Elta GH, Barnett JL |title=Injection sclerotherapy-induced esophageal strictures. Risk factors and prognosis |journal=Am Surg |volume=57 |issue=9 |pages=567–71; discussion 571–2 |year=1991 |pmid=1928999 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Eosinophilic esophagitis]],<ref name="FurutaIngelfinger2015">{{cite journal|last1=Furuta|first1=Glenn T.|last2=Ingelfinger|first2=Julie R.|last3=Katzka|first3=David A.|title=Eosinophilic Esophagitis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=373|issue=17|year=2015|pages=1640–1648|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1502863}}</ref>
*Treatment for esophageal varices
*Esophageal cancer
*Drug-induced stricture:
**Aspirin and anti-inflammatory agents<ref name="pmid6825537">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kikendall JW, Friedman AC, Oyewole MA, Fleischer D, Johnson LF |title=Pill-induced esophageal injury. Case reports and review of the medical literature |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=174–82 |year=1983 |pmid=6825537 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Tetracycline
**Doxycycline
**Clindamycin
**Bisphosphonates
**Potassium chloride
**Quinidine preparations
**Iron compounds
**Emepronium
**Alprenolol
**Pinaverium 
*Mediastinal fibrosis due to tuberclosis or idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis
**May lead to esophageal compression and stricture
*Increased level of gastric acid exposure to esophageal tissue, for example:
**[[Systemic sclerosis]]
**[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]
**[[Nasogastric tube]] placement
**[[Heller myotomy]] for [[achalasia]]
*[[Esophageal diverticulum|Esophageal diverticula]]
*[[Hiatus hernia|Hiatal hernia]]
*[[Tracheoesophageal fistula]]
*[[Infectious esophagitis]]
**''[[Candida]]'' 
**[[Herpes simplex virus (HSV)]]
**[[Cytomegalovirus|Cytomegalovirus (CMV)]]
**[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)]]<ref name="pmid10022626">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilcox CM |title=Esophageal strictures complicating ulcerative esophagitis in patients with AIDS |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=339–43 |year=1999 |pmid=10022626 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.00853.x |url=}}</ref>
 
===Less Common Causes===
Less common causes of esophageal stricture include:
*[[Dyskeratosis congenita|Dyskeratosis congenita (DC)]]
*Rare dermatologic diseases (eg, [[epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica]])<ref name="pmid27384758">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guerra-Leal JD, Meester I, Cantu-Gonzalez JR, Ornelas-Cortinas G, Montemayor-Martinez A, Salas-Alanis JC |title=The Importance of Esophagography in Patients With Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume= |issue= |pages=1–4 |year=2016 |pmid=27384758 |doi=10.2214/AJR.16.16115 |url=}}</ref>
 
===Genetic Causes===
*[Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.
 
===Causes by Organ System===
 
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes
|-
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |Caustic ingestion
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Dyskeratosis congenita|Dyskeratosis congenita (DC)]], [[epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |Drug-induced stricture:
*Aspirin and anti-inflammatory agents
*Tetracycline
*Doxycycline
*Clindamycin
*Bisphosphonates
*Potassium chloride
*Quinidine preparations
*Iron compounds
*Emepronium
*Alprenolol
*Pinaverium 
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | Gastroesophageal reflux disease, [[Eosinophilic esophagitis]], Esophageal cancer, Esophageal diverticula , Hiatal hernia, Tracheoesophageal fistula
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | Previous surgery on the esophagus, Surgical anastomosis, Radiation therapy for thoracic or head and neck tumors, Esophageal sclerotherapy, Treatment for esophageal varices
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |Infectious esophagitis
*''Candida'' 
*Herpes simplex virus (HSV)  
*Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
*Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | Mediastinal fibrosis due to tuberclosis or idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis, Tracheoesophageal fistula
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|}
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.
* Caustic ingestions
 
* Drug-induced stricture
* Dyskeratosis congenita (DC)
* Eosinophilic esophagitis
* Esophageal cancer
* Esophageal diverticula
* Esophageal sclerotherapy
* Gastroesophageal reflux disease
* Hiatal hernia
* Increased level of gastric acid exposure to esophageal tissue
* Infectious esophagitis
* Mediastinal fibrosis due to tuberclosis or idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis
* Previous surgery on the esophagus
* Radiation therapy for thoracic or head and neck tumors
* Rare dermatologic diseases (eg, epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica)
* Surgical anastomosis
* Tracheoesophageal fistula
 
* Treatment for esophageal varices


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}
[[Category: (name of the system)]]
[[Category: (name of the system)]]

Latest revision as of 19:21, 9 November 2017


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahda Alihashemi M.D. [2]


Natural history and management of refractory benign esophageal strictures.

Natural history and management of refractory benign esophageal strictures

Peptic esophageal stricture: is surgery still necessary?

Predictor of massive bleeding following stent placement for malignant oesophageal stricture/fistulae: a multicentre study

Complications of esophageal stricture dilation

Over time, the damage caused by stomach acid can scar the lining of the esophagus.When this scar tissue builds up, it makes the esophagus narrow. Called strictures, these narrow spots make it hard to swallow food and drinks, which can lead to weight lossand dehydration. medscape

Refractory Esophageal Strictures: What To Do When Dilation Fails

medscape:

  • Reinforce the need for patients with esophageal stricture to comply with the usual antireflux precautions and lifestyle modifications.
  • Encourage weight loss.
  • Patients are told to eat smaller meals, avoid eating in a hurried fashion, and chew their food well.
  • Ill-fitting dentures or poor dentition should be corrected if possible.
  • Educate all patients with esophageal stricture about avoiding medications known to cause esophagitis, including over-the-counter medications such as aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
  • Inform all patients that the stricture recurrence rate for esophageal stricture is higher if they are noncompliant with PPI therapy.
  • For patient education resources, see  Heartburn and GERD Center and Digestive Disorders Center, as well as  Acid Reflux (GERD) and  Heartburn.

References

Template:WH Template:WS

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