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| ==Overview==
| | * https://www.uptodate.com/contents/esophageal-stricture-the-basics?source=search_result&search=esophageal+stricture&selectedTitle=4%7E137 for patient inforamtion |
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| Common causes of esophageal stricture include [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]] and caustic ingestions.
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| ==Causes==
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| ===Life-threatening Causes===
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| *Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of esophageal stricture, however complications resulting from untreated esophageal stricture is common.
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| ===Common Causes===
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| Esophageal stricture may be caused by:<ref name="pmid1483661">{{cite journal |vauthors=Csendes A, Braghetto I |title=Surgical management of esophageal strictures |journal=Hepatogastroenterology |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=502–10 |year=1992 |pmid=1483661 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| *[[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]]<ref name="pmid8338082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marks RD, Richter JE |title=Peptic strictures of the esophagus |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=88 |issue=8 |pages=1160–73 |year=1993 |pmid=8338082 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| *Caustic ingestions<ref name="pmid4020540">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wasserman RL, Ginsburg CM |title=Caustic substance injuries |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=169–74 |year=1985 |pmid=4020540 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| *Radiation therapy for thoracic or head and neck tumors<ref name="pmid7713784">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coia LR, Myerson RJ, Tepper JE |title=Late effects of radiation therapy on the gastrointestinal tract |journal=Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=1213–36 |year=1995 |pmid=7713784 |doi=10.1016/0360-3016(94)00419-L |url=}}</ref>
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| ===Less Common Causes===
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| Less common causes of esophageal stricture include:
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| * Esophageal [[sclerotherapy]]<ref name="pmid1928999">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guynn TP, Eckhauser FE, Knol JA, Raper SE, Mulholland MW, Nostrant TT, Elta GH, Barnett JL |title=Injection sclerotherapy-induced esophageal strictures. Risk factors and prognosis |journal=Am Surg |volume=57 |issue=9 |pages=567–71; discussion 571–2 |year=1991 |pmid=1928999 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| * [[Eosinophilic esophagitis]]<ref name="FurutaIngelfinger2015">{{cite journal|last1=Furuta|first1=Glenn T.|last2=Ingelfinger|first2=Julie R.|last3=Katzka|first3=David A.|title=Eosinophilic Esophagitis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=373|issue=17|year=2015|pages=1640–1648|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1502863}}</ref> | |
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| *[[Dyskeratosis congenita|Dyskeratosis congenita (DC)]]<ref name="pmid23279657">{{cite journal| author=Jonassaint NL, Guo N, Califano JA, Montgomery EA, Armanios M| title=The gastrointestinal manifestations of telomere-mediated disease. | journal=Aging Cell | year= 2013 | volume= 12 | issue= 2 | pages= 319-23 | pmid=23279657 | doi=10.1111/acel.12041 | pmc=3602337 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23279657 }}</ref>
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| *Rare dermatologic diseases (eg, [[epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica]])<ref name="pmid27384758">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guerra-Leal JD, Meester I, Cantu-Gonzalez JR, Ornelas-Cortinas G, Montemayor-Martinez A, Salas-Alanis JC |title=The Importance of Esophagography in Patients With Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume= |issue= |pages=1–4 |year=2016 |pmid=27384758 |doi=10.2214/AJR.16.16115 |url=}}</ref>
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| *Mediastinal fibrosis due to [[TB|tuberclosis]] or idiopathic [[fibrosing mediastinitis]]<ref name="pmid7665827">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goenka MK, Gupta NM, Kochhar R, Rungta U, Vaiphei K, Nagi B, Suri S |title=Mediastinal fibrosis: an unusual cause of esophageal stricture |journal=J. Clin. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=331–3 |year=1995 |pmid=7665827 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| *Drug-induced stricture:<ref name="pmid3606243">{{cite journal| author=Bonavina L, DeMeester TR, McChesney L, Schwizer W, Albertucci M, Bailey RT| title=Drug-induced esophageal strictures. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1987 | volume= 206 | issue= 2 | pages= 173-83 | pmid=3606243 | doi= | pmc=1493104 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3606243 }}</ref>
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| **[[Aspirin]] and [[Anti-inflammatory medication|anti-inflammatory medications]]<ref name="pmid6825537">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kikendall JW, Friedman AC, Oyewole MA, Fleischer D, Johnson LF |title=Pill-induced esophageal injury. Case reports and review of the medical literature |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=174–82 |year=1983 |pmid=6825537 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| **[[Tetracycline]]
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| **[[Doxycycline]]
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| **[[Clindamycin]]
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| **[[Bisphosphonates]]
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| **[[Potassium chloride]]
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| **[[Quinidine]] preparations
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| **[[Iron]] compounds
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| **[[Emepronium]]
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| **[[Alprenolol]]
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| **[[Pinaverium]]
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| * [[Infectious esophagitis]]<ref name="pmid247196002">{{cite journal| author=Wilcox CM| title=Overview of infectious esophagitis. | journal=Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) | year= 2013 | volume= 9 | issue= 8 | pages= 517-9 | pmid=24719600 | doi= | pmc=3980995 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24719600 }}</ref>
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| :* [[Candida]]
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| :* [[Herpes simplex virus (HSV)]]
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| :* [[Cytomegalovirus|Cytomegalovirus (CMV)]]
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| :* [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)]]
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| * [[Tracheoesophageal fistula]] repair and esophageal stricture at the anastomosis<ref name="pmid25755944">{{cite journal| author=Lakoma A, Fallon SC, Mathur S, Kim ES| title=Use of Mitomycin C for Refractory Esophageal Stricture following Tracheoesophageal Fistula Repair. | journal=European J Pediatr Surg Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 1 | issue= 1 | pages= 24-6 | pmid=25755944 | doi=10.1055/s-0033-1341418 | pmc=4335951 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25755944 }}</ref>
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| * [[Esophageal diverticulum|Esophageal diverticula]]<ref name="Smith2015">{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=C. Daniel|title=Esophageal Strictures and Diverticula|journal=Surgical Clinics of North America|volume=95|issue=3|year=2015|pages=669–681|issn=00396109|doi=10.1016/j.suc.2015.02.017}}</ref>
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| * Increased level of gastric acid exposure to esophageal tissue, for example:
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| **[[Systemic sclerosis]]<ref name="Ebert2008">{{cite journal|last1=Ebert|first1=Ellen C.|title=Esophageal disease in progressive systemic sclerosis|journal=Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology|volume=11|issue=1|year=2008|pages=64–69|issn=1092-8472|doi=10.1007/s11938-008-0008-8}}</ref>
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| **[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]<ref name="LuedtkeLevine2003">{{cite journal|last1=Luedtke|first1=Pia|last2=Levine|first2=Marc S.|last3=Rubesin|first3=Stephen E.|last4=Weinstein|first4=Donald S.|last5=Laufer|first5=Igor|title=Radiologic Diagnosis of Benign Esophageal Strictures: A Pattern Approach|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=23|issue=4|year=2003|pages=897–909|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.234025717}}</ref>
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| **[[Nasogastric tube]] placement<ref name="LuedtkeLevine2003" />
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| **[[Heller myotomy]] for [[achalasia]]<ref name="pmid1863166">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ferguson MK |title=Achalasia: current evaluation and therapy |journal=Ann. Thorac. Surg. |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=336–42 |year=1991 |pmid=1863166 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| ===Causes by Organ System===
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| {| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
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| | style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
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| | style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes
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| |-
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| | bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" |Caustic ingestion
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| |-
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| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dental'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dermatologic'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Dyskeratosis congenita|Dyskeratosis congenita (DC)]], [[epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica]]
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| |-
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| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" |Drug-induced stricture:<ref name="pmid3606243" />
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| *[[Aspirin]] and [[Anti-inflammatory medication|anti-inflammatory medications]]<ref name="pmid6825537" />
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| *[[Tetracycline]]
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| *[[Doxycycline]]
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| *[[Clindamycin]]
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| *[[Bisphosphonates]]
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| *[[Potassium chloride]]
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| *[[Quinidine]] preparations
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| *[[Iron]] compounds
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| *[[Emepronium]]
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| *[[Alprenolol]]
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| *[[Pinaverium]]
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| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Endocrine'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]],
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| |-
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| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Environmental'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" | Gastroesophageal reflux disease, [[Eosinophilic esophagitis]], [[Zenker's diverticulum|Esophageal diverticula]], [[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]], [[Systemic sclerosis]]
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| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Genetic'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| |
| |-
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| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Hematologic'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Iatrogenic'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" | Previous surgery on the esophagus, Radiation therapy for thoracic or head and neck tumors, Esophageal sclerotherapy,[[Tracheoesophageal fistula]] repair, [[Nasogastric tube]] placement, [[Heller myotomy]] for [[achalasia]]
| |
| |-
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| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Infectious Disease'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" |Infectious esophagitis
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| *''[[Candida]]''
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| *[[Herpes simplex virus]] (HSV)
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| *[[Cytomegalovirus]] (CMV)
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| *[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus]] (HIV)
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| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Neurologic'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Oncologic'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ophthalmologic'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Psychiatric'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Pulmonary'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" | Mediastinal fibrosis due to tuberclosis or idiopathic [[Mediastinitis|fibrosing mediastinitis]]
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| |-
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| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Systemic sclerosis]]
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| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Sexual'''
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| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Trauma'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Urologic'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
| |
| |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| |
| | '''Miscellaneous'''
| |
| | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
| |
| |}
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| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
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| List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.
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| * Caustic ingestions
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| * Drug-induced stricture
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| * Dyskeratosis congenita (DC)
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| * Eosinophilic esophagitis
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| * Esophageal diverticula
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| * Esophageal sclerotherapy
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| * Gastroesophageal reflux disease
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| * Increased level of gastric acid exposure to esophageal tissue
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| * Infectious esophagitis
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| * Mediastinal fibrosis due to tuberclosis or idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis
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| * Radiation therapy for thoracic or head and neck tumors
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| * Rare dermatologic diseases (eg, epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica)
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| * [[Tracheoesophageal fistula]] repair and esophageal stricture at the anastomosis
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|
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|
| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{Reflist|2}}
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|
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| {{WH}} | | {{WH}} |
| {{WS}} | | {{WS}} |
| [[Category: (name of the system)]] | | [[Category: (name of the system)]] |