Sporotrichosis pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
''S. schenckii'' is usually transmitted via posttraumatic inoculation to the human host, however, infrequently sporotrichosis may also develop as a result of spore inhalation. The pathophysiology of sporotrichosis depends on the histological subtype and the frequently nonspecific histopathology may mimic other granulomatous diseases.<ref name="pmid25614735">{{cite journal| author=Mahajan VK| title=Sporotrichosis: an overview and therapeutic options. | journal=Dermatol Res Pract | year= 2014 | volume= 2014 | issue=  | pages= 272376 | pmid=25614735 | doi=10.1155/2014/272376 | pmc=PMC4295339 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25614735  }} </ref> ''S. schenckii'' is capable of modulating the immune response to promote its own survival by blocking cytokine production by [[macrophages]].<ref name="Carlos">{{cite journal |author=Carlos IZ, Sassá MF, da Graça Sgarbi DB, Placeres MC, Maia DC |title=Current research on the immune response to experimental sporotrichosis |journal=Mycopathologia |volume=168 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |date=July 2009 |pmid=19241140 |doi=10.1007/s11046-009-9190-z}}</ref>


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
===Transmission===
===Transmission===
*''S. schenckii'' is usually transmitted to the human host via posttraumatic inoculation. However, sporotrichosis may also develop as a result of spore inhalation, although this mode of transmission is infrequent.
*''S. schenckii'' is usually transmitted to the human host via posttraumatic [[inoculation]]. However, sporotrichosis may also develop as a result of spore inhalation, although this mode of transmission is infrequent.
*Modes of transmission either lead to direct inoculation or enable the entry of the fungus.  
*Modes of transmission either lead to direct [[inoculation]] or enable the entry of the [[fungus]].  
:* Actions, such as handling thorny plants, sphagnum moss, bales of hay, or any plant or plant product that can cause skin trauma, may enable ''S. schenckii'' entry.
:* Actions, such as handling thorny plants, sphagnum moss, bales of hay, or any plant or plant product that can cause skin trauma, may enable ''S. schenckii'' entry.


===Pathogenesis===
===Pathogenesis===
*The pathophysiology of sporotrichosis depends on the histological subtype and the frequently nonspecific histopathology may mimic other granulomatous diseases.<ref name="pmid25614735">{{cite journal| author=Mahajan VK| title=Sporotrichosis: an overview and therapeutic options. | journal=Dermatol Res Pract | year= 2014 | volume= 2014 | issue=  | pages= 272376 | pmid=25614735 | doi=10.1155/2014/272376 | pmc=PMC4295339 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25614735  }} </ref>
*The pathophysiology of sporotrichosis depends on the histological subtype and the frequently nonspecific histopathology may mimic other granulomatous diseases.<ref name="pmid25614735">{{cite journal| author=Mahajan VK| title=Sporotrichosis: an overview and therapeutic options. | journal=Dermatol Res Pract | year= 2014 | volume= 2014 | issue=  | pages= 272376 | pmid=25614735 | doi=10.1155/2014/272376 | pmc=PMC4295339 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25614735  }} </ref>
*''S. schenckii'' is capable of modulating the immune response to promote its own survival by blocking cytokine production by macrophages.<ref name="Carlos">{{cite journal |author=Carlos IZ, Sassá MF, da Graça Sgarbi DB, Placeres MC, Maia DC |title=Current research on the immune response to experimental sporotrichosis |journal=Mycopathologia |volume=168 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |date=July 2009 |pmid=19241140 |doi=10.1007/s11046-009-9190-z}}</ref>
*''S. schenckii'' is capable of modulating the immune response to promote its own survival by blocking cytokine production by [[macrophages]].<ref name="Carlos">{{cite journal |author=Carlos IZ, Sassá MF, da Graça Sgarbi DB, Placeres MC, Maia DC |title=Current research on the immune response to experimental sporotrichosis |journal=Mycopathologia |volume=168 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |date=July 2009 |pmid=19241140 |doi=10.1007/s11046-009-9190-z}}</ref>
====Cutaneous forms====
====Cutaneous forms====
:* ''S. schecknii'' accesses the subcutaneous tissue following minor epidermal trauma.
:* ''S. schecknii'' accesses the subcutaneous tissue following minor epidermal trauma.
:* ''S. schecknii,'' a thermo-dependent fungus, converts into its yeast form upon entering the tissue.
:* ''S. schecknii,'' a thermo-dependent [[fungus]], converts into its [[yeast]] form upon entering the tissue.
* Fixed form
* Fixed form
** The yeast form of ''S. schenckii'' stays localized in subcutaneous tissue
** The yeast form of ''S. schenckii'' remains localized in subcutaneous tissue
* Lymphocutaneous form
* Lymphocutaneous form
** The yeast form of ''S. schenckii'' extends through the nearby lymphatic vessels
** The yeast form of ''S. schenckii'' extends through the nearby [[Lymphatic system|lymphatic]] vessels
* Disseminated cutaneous form
* Disseminated cutaneous form
** Manifests upon the hematogenous dissemination of the yeast form of ''S. schenckii''.
** Manifests upon the hematogenous dissemination of the yeast form of ''S. schenckii''
====Extracutaneous/Systematic Forms====
====Extracutaneous/Systematic Forms====
*Osteoarticular form
*Osteoarticular form
**May manifest upon contiguity or hematogenous spread.
**May manifest upon contiguity or hematogenous spread
*Pulmonary form
*Pulmonary form
**Manifests following inhalation of ''S. schenckii'' spores
**Manifests following inhalation of ''S. schenckii'' spores
*Disseminated form
*Disseminated form
**Manifests upon the hematogenous dissemination of the yeast form of ''S. schenckii''.<ref name="pmid21976602">{{cite journal| author=Barros MB, de Almeida Paes R, Schubach AO| title=Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2011 | volume= 24 | issue= 4 | pages= 633-54 | pmid=21976602 | doi=10.1128/CMR.00007-11 | pmc=PMC3194828 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21976602  }} </ref>
**Manifests upon the hematogenous dissemination of the [[yeast]] form of ''S. schenckii''<ref name="pmid21976602">{{cite journal| author=Barros MB, de Almeida Paes R, Schubach AO| title=Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2011 | volume= 24 | issue= 4 | pages= 633-54 | pmid=21976602 | doi=10.1128/CMR.00007-11 | pmc=PMC3194828 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21976602  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]

Latest revision as of 19:07, 18 September 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alison Leibowitz [2]

Overview

S. schenckii is usually transmitted via posttraumatic inoculation to the human host, however, infrequently sporotrichosis may also develop as a result of spore inhalation. The pathophysiology of sporotrichosis depends on the histological subtype and the frequently nonspecific histopathology may mimic other granulomatous diseases.[1] S. schenckii is capable of modulating the immune response to promote its own survival by blocking cytokine production by macrophages.[2]

Pathophysiology

Transmission

  • S. schenckii is usually transmitted to the human host via posttraumatic inoculation. However, sporotrichosis may also develop as a result of spore inhalation, although this mode of transmission is infrequent.
  • Modes of transmission either lead to direct inoculation or enable the entry of the fungus.
  • Actions, such as handling thorny plants, sphagnum moss, bales of hay, or any plant or plant product that can cause skin trauma, may enable S. schenckii entry.

Pathogenesis

  • The pathophysiology of sporotrichosis depends on the histological subtype and the frequently nonspecific histopathology may mimic other granulomatous diseases.[1]
  • S. schenckii is capable of modulating the immune response to promote its own survival by blocking cytokine production by macrophages.[2]

Cutaneous forms

  • S. schecknii accesses the subcutaneous tissue following minor epidermal trauma.
  • S. schecknii, a thermo-dependent fungus, converts into its yeast form upon entering the tissue.
  • Fixed form
    • The yeast form of S. schenckii remains localized in subcutaneous tissue
  • Lymphocutaneous form
    • The yeast form of S. schenckii extends through the nearby lymphatic vessels
  • Disseminated cutaneous form
    • Manifests upon the hematogenous dissemination of the yeast form of S. schenckii

Extracutaneous/Systematic Forms

  • Osteoarticular form
    • May manifest upon contiguity or hematogenous spread
  • Pulmonary form
    • Manifests following inhalation of S. schenckii spores
  • Disseminated form
    • Manifests upon the hematogenous dissemination of the yeast form of S. schenckii[3]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Mahajan VK (2014). "Sporotrichosis: an overview and therapeutic options". Dermatol Res Pract. 2014: 272376. doi:10.1155/2014/272376. PMC 4295339. PMID 25614735.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Carlos IZ, Sassá MF, da Graça Sgarbi DB, Placeres MC, Maia DC (July 2009). "Current research on the immune response to experimental sporotrichosis". Mycopathologia. 168 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1007/s11046-009-9190-z. PMID 19241140.
  3. Barros MB, de Almeida Paes R, Schubach AO (2011). "Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 24 (4): 633–54. doi:10.1128/CMR.00007-11. PMC 3194828. PMID 21976602.