Legionellosis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
 
The majority of cases of legionellosis are reported between the Summer and early Fall (between June and October). Approximately 8,000-18,000 individuals are hospitalized annually in the USA for Legionnaires' disease with a case fatality rate ranging between 10% to 35%. The median case-patient age is 61 years, and the male to female ratio is 1.8 to 1.
The majority of cases of Legionnaires' disease are reported between the Summer and early Fall (between June and October). Approximately 8,000-18,000 individuals are hospitalized annually in the USA for Legionnaires' disease with a case fatality rate of Legionnaires' disease ranges between 10% to 35%. The median case-patient age is 61 years, and the male to female ratio is 1.8 to 1.


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
===Incidence===
*In USA, the incidence of Legionnaires' disease ranges between 1-3 cases per 100,000 individuals.  
*In USA, the [[incidence]] of legionellosis ranges between 1-3 cases per 100,000 individuals.  
*Approximately 8,000-18,000 individuals are hospitalized annually in the USA for Legionnaires' disease.
*Approximately 8,000-18,000 individuals are hospitalized annually in the USA for legionellosis.
*The incidence of Legionnaires' disease is believed to be increasing over the last 10-15 years.
*The [[incidence]] of legionellosis is believed to be increasing over the last 10-15 years.


===Case Fatality Rate===
===Case Fatality Rate===
*The case fatality rate of Legionnaires' disease ranges between 10% to 35%.
*The [[case fatality rate]] of legionellosis ranges between 10% to 35%.
*Hospital-acquired Legionnaires' disease is associated with a higher case fatality rate compared with community-acquired Legionnaires' disease.
*Hospital-acquired legionellosis is associated with a higher case fatality rate compared with community-acquired legionellosis.


===Age===
===Age===
*The median case-patient age is 61 years.
*The median case-patient age is 61 years.
*Patients of all ages may acquire Legionnaires' disease, but elderly patients older than 65 years of age are at higher risk.
*Patients of all ages may acquire legionellosis, but elderly patients older than 65 years of age are at higher risk.


===Gender===
===Gender===
*Males are slightly more likely to develop Legionnaires' disease.
*Males are slightly more likely to develop legionellosis.
The male to female ratio is 1.8 to 1.
*The male to female ratio is 1.8 to 1.


===Race===
===Race===
There is no racial predilection to the development of Legionnaires' disease.
*There is no racial predilection to the development of legionellosis.


===Seasonal Variation===
===Seasonal Variation===
*The majority of cases of Legionnaires' disease are reported between the Summer and early Fall (between June and October).
*The majority of cases of legionellosis are reported between the Summer and early Fall (between June and October).


===Infection in the U.S.===
===Infection in the U.S.===
*Although approximately 8,000 - 18,000 individuals are hospitalized with Legionnaires' disease in the U.S. each year, the disease is thought to be significantly under-reported with estimated of 2%-10% of cases being reported.
*Although approximately 8,000 - 18,000 individuals are hospitalized with legionellosis in the U.S. each year, the disease is thought to be significantly under-reported with estimated of 2%-10% of cases being reported.
*'''In USA, Legionnaires' disease is a reportable condition in most states'''
*'''In USA, legionellosis is a reportable condition in most states'''
 
===Worldwide Infection===
Below is a list of Legionnaires' disease outbreaks:
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Suspected Source !!  Cases  !!  Deaths  !! Date !! Location
|-
|Cooling Tower||align=right|18||align=right|2||July - August 2007||Benalmadena, Spain
|-
|Institute of Animal Health||align=right|1+||align=right|0||2007||Pirbright, Surrey, UK
|-
|Water supply ||align=right|167||align=right|5||July - August 2007||Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Sverdlovsk oblast, Russia <ref>[http://gzt.ru/incident/2007/07/30/105145.html The cause of the pneumonia outbreak in Sverdlovskaya oblast is Legionella bacterium (in Russian)]</ref>
|-
|Cooling tower ||align=right|7||align=right|0||31st Dec 2006 - 1st Jan 2007||Australia, Sydney <ref>[http://www.hcinfo.com/outbreaks-news.htm#0701Sydney  HC INFO- Recent Outbreaks of Legionnaires' Disease, Sydney,6 Cases, Jan. 2007]</ref>
|-
|Spa Pool ||align=right|115||align=right|0||August 2006||Sunderland, UK
|-
|Cooling tower ||align=right|26||align=right|2||July - Sept 2006||Paris, France
|-
|Cooling tower ||align=right|30||align=right|2||July 2006||Amsterdam, Netherlands
|-
|Cooling towers||align=right|149||align=right|0||June 2006||Pamplona, Spain
|-
|Cooling tower||align=right|10||align=right|1||February 2006||Sydney, Australia
|-
|Cooling tower||align=right|20||align=right|0||December 2005||Torrevieja, Spain
|-
|Cooling tower||align=right|127||align=right|21||October 2005||Toronto, Canada
|-
|Cooling tower||align=right|21||align=right|0||June 2005||New Rochelle, NY, USA
|-
|Indoor ornamental fountain||align=right|17||align=right|1||Summer  2005||Rapid City, South Dakota|Rapid City, SD, USA
|-
|Air scrubber||align=right|52||align=right|10||May 2005||Fredrikstad, Norway
|-
|Cooling tower||align=right|86||align=right|21||2004||Pas-de-Calais, France
|-
|Cooling tower||align=right|172||align=right|7||2002||Barrow-in-Furness, UK
|-
|Cooling tower||align=right|28||align=right|7||2001||Stavanger, Norway
|-
|Cooling tower||align=right|449||align=right|6||July 2001||Murcia, Spain
|-
|Whirlpool and humidifier||align=right|200||align=right|32||1999||Bovenkarspel, Netherlands
|-
|Hospital||align=right|101||align=right|28||1985||Stafford, UK
|-
|Cooling Tower (widely accepted)||align=right|221||align=right|34||1976||Philadelphia, PA, USA


|}
<sup>CDC Legionellosis [http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2012/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/legionellosis-legionnaires-disease-and-pontiac-fever.htm] </sup>
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 18:09, 18 September 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.; Serge Korjian M.D.

Overview

The majority of cases of legionellosis are reported between the Summer and early Fall (between June and October). Approximately 8,000-18,000 individuals are hospitalized annually in the USA for Legionnaires' disease with a case fatality rate ranging between 10% to 35%. The median case-patient age is 61 years, and the male to female ratio is 1.8 to 1.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • In USA, the incidence of legionellosis ranges between 1-3 cases per 100,000 individuals.
  • Approximately 8,000-18,000 individuals are hospitalized annually in the USA for legionellosis.
  • The incidence of legionellosis is believed to be increasing over the last 10-15 years.

Case Fatality Rate

  • The case fatality rate of legionellosis ranges between 10% to 35%.
  • Hospital-acquired legionellosis is associated with a higher case fatality rate compared with community-acquired legionellosis.

Age

  • The median case-patient age is 61 years.
  • Patients of all ages may acquire legionellosis, but elderly patients older than 65 years of age are at higher risk.

Gender

  • Males are slightly more likely to develop legionellosis.
  • The male to female ratio is 1.8 to 1.

Race

  • There is no racial predilection to the development of legionellosis.

Seasonal Variation

  • The majority of cases of legionellosis are reported between the Summer and early Fall (between June and October).

Infection in the U.S.

  • Although approximately 8,000 - 18,000 individuals are hospitalized with legionellosis in the U.S. each year, the disease is thought to be significantly under-reported with estimated of 2%-10% of cases being reported.
  • In USA, legionellosis is a reportable condition in most states

References


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