Foodborne illness epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
m (Changes made per Mahshid's request)
 
(9 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 7: Line 7:
===Global Impact===
===Global Impact===


In modern times, rapid globalization of food production and trade has increased the potential likelihood of food contamination. Many outbreaks of foodborne diseases that were once contained within a small community may now take place on global dimensions. [[Food safety]] authorities all over the world have acknowledged that ensuring food safety must not only be tackled at the national level but also through closer linkages among food safety authorities at the international level. This is important for exchanging routine information on food safety issues and to have rapid access to information in case of food safety emergencies."
In modern times, rapid globalization of food production and trade has increased the potential likelihood of food contamination. Many outbreaks of foodborne diseases that were once contained within a small community may now take place on global dimensions. [[Food safety]] authorities all over the world have acknowledged that ensuring food safety must not only be tackled at the national level but also through closer linkages among food safety authorities at the international level. This is important for exchanging routine information on food safety issues and to have rapid access to information in case of food safety emergencies.


It is difficult to estimate the global incidence of foodbourne disease, but it has been reported that in the year 2000 about 2.1 million people died from diarrhoeal diseases. Many of these cases have been attributed to contamination of food and drinking water. Additionally, diarrhoea is a major cause of malnutrition in infants and young children.  
It is difficult to estimate the global incidence of foodborne disease, but it has been reported that in the year 2000 about 2.1 million people died from diarrheal diseases. Many of these cases have been attributed to contamination of food and drinking water. Additionally, [[diarrhea]] is a major cause of malnutrition in [[infant]]s and young children.  


Even in industrialized countries, up to 30% of the population of people have been reported to suffer from foodborne diseases every year. In the U.S, around 76 million cases of foodborne diseases, which resulted in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, are estimated to occur each year. Developing countries in particular, are worst affected by foodborne illnesses due to the presence of a wide range of dieases, including those caused by parasites. Foodborne illnesses can and did inflict serious and extensive harm on society. In 1994, an outbreak of salmonellosis due to contaminated ice cream occurred in the USA, affecting an estimated 224,000 persons. In 1988, an outbreak of hepatitis A, resulting from the consumption of contaminated clams, affected some 300,000 individuals in China.
Even in industrialized countries, up to 30% of the population of people have been reported to suffer from foodborne diseases every year. In the U.S, around 76 million cases of foodborne diseases, which resulted in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, are estimated to occur each year. Developing countries in particular, are worst affected by foodborne illnesses due to the presence of a wide range of dieases, including those caused by parasites. Foodborne illnesses can and did inflict serious and extensive harm on society. In 1994, an outbreak of [[salmonellosis]] due to contaminated ice cream occurred in the USA, affecting an estimated 224,000 persons. In 1988, an outbreak of hepatitis A, resulting from the consumption of contaminated clams, affected some 300,000 individuals in China.


Food contamination creates an enormous social and economic strain on societies. In the U.S., diseases caused by the major pathogens alone are estimated to cost up to US $35 billion annually (1997) in medical costs and lost productivity. The re-emergence of cholera in Peru in 1991 resulted in the loss of US $500 million in fish and fishery product exports that year.
Food contamination creates an enormous social and economic strain on societies. In the U.S., diseases caused by the major pathogens alone are estimated to cost up to US $35 billion annually (1997) in medical costs and lost productivity. The re-emergence of [[cholera]] in Peru in 1991 resulted in the loss of US $500 million in fish and fishery product exports that year.


===Statistics===
===Statistics===
Line 23: Line 23:
  | title=Food safety and foodborne illness
  | title=Food safety and foodborne illness
  | pulisher=WHO}}</ref>
  | pulisher=WHO}}</ref>
* 325,000 were hospitalized (111 per 100,000 inhabitants);
* 325,000 were hospitalized (111 per 100,000 inhabitants)
* 5,000 people [[death|died]] (1.7 per 100,000 inhabitants.).
* 5,000 people [[death|died]] (1.7 per 100,000 inhabitants)
* Major pathogens from food borne illness in the United States cost upwards of US $35 billion dollars in medical costs and lost productivity (1997)
* Major pathogens from food borne illness in the United States cost upwards of US $35 billion dollars in medical costs and lost productivity (1997)


====France====
====France====
In France, for 750,000 cases(1,210 per 100,000 inhabitants):
In France, for 750,000 cases(1,210 per 100,000 inhabitants):
* 70,000 people consulted in the emergency department of an hospital (113 per 100,000 inhab.);
* 70,000 people consulted in the emergency department of an hospital (113 per 100,000 inhabitants);
* 113,000 people were hospitalized (24 per 100,000 inhabitants);
* 113,000 people were hospitalized (24 per 100,000 inhabitants);
* 400 people died (0.9 per 100,000 inhabitants).
* 400 people died (0.9 per 100,000 inhabitants).
Line 38: Line 38:
  | title=Food borne illness in Australia
  | title=Food borne illness in Australia
  | pulisher=OzFoodNet}}</ref>
  | pulisher=OzFoodNet}}</ref>
* 18,000 hospitalisations
* 18,000 hospitalizations
* 120 deaths
* 120 deaths
* 2.1 million lost days off work
* 2.1 million lost days of work
* 1.2 million doctor consultations
* 1.2 million doctor consultations
* 300,000 prescriptions for antibiotics
* 300,000 prescriptions for antibiotics
Line 86: Line 86:


===Outbreaks===
===Outbreaks===
The vast majority of reported cases of foodborne illness occur as individual or sporadic cases. The origin of most sporadic cases is undetermined. In the United States, where people eat outside the home frequently, most outbreaks (58%) originate from commercial food facilities (2004 FoodNet data).  An outbreak is defined as occurring when two or more people experience similar illness after consuming food from a common source.   
The vast majority of reported cases of foodborne illness occur as individual or sporadic cases. The origin of most sporadic cases is undetermined. In the United States, where people eat outside the home frequently, most outbreaks (58%) originate from commercial food facilities (2004 FoodNet data).  An [[outbreak]] is defined as occurring when two or more people experience similar illness after consuming food from a common source.   


Often, a combination of events contributes to an outbreak, for example, food might be left at room temperature for many hours, allowing bacteria to multiply which is compounded by inadequate cooking which results in a failure to kill the dangerously elevated bacterial levels.
Often, a combination of events contributes to an outbreak, for example, food might be left at room temperature for many hours, allowing bacteria to multiply which is compounded by inadequate cooking which results in a failure to kill the dangerously elevated bacterial levels.


Outbreaks are usually identified when those affected know each other. However, more and more, outbreaks are identified by [[public health]] staff from unexpected increases in laboratory results for certain strains of bacteria. Outbreak detection and investigation in the United States is primarily handled by local health jurisdictions and is inconsistent from district to district. It is estimated that 1–2% of outbreaks are detected.
Outbreaks are usually identified when those affected know each other. However, more and more, outbreaks are identified by [[public health]] staff from unexpected increases in laboratory results for certain strains of [[bacteria]]. Outbreak detection and investigation in the United States is primarily handled by local health jurisdictions and is inconsistent from district to district. It is estimated that 1–2% of outbreaks are detected.


===Political Issues===
===Political Issues===
====United Kingdom====
====United Kingdom====
In the UK serious outbreaks of foodborne illness since the 1970s prompted key changes in UK [[food safety]] law. These included the death of 19 patients in the Stanley Royd Hospital outbreak [http://briandeer.com/social/stanley-royd.htm] and the [[bovine spongiform encephalopathy]] (BSE, mad cow disease) outbreak identified in the 1980s. The death of 17 people in the 1996 Wishaw outbreak of E. coli O157 [http://www.scotland.gov.uk/deleted/library/documents-w4/pgr-00.htm] was a precursor to the establishment of the [[Food Standards Agency]] which, according to Tony Blair in the 1998 white paper  [http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/maffdh/fsa/fsa.htm ''A Force for Change'' Cm 3830] "would be powerful, open and dedicated to the interests of consumers".
In the UK serious outbreaks of foodborne illness since the 1970s prompted key changes in UK [[food safety]] law. These included the death of 19 patients in the Stanley Royd Hospital outbreak <ref name="urlThe Stanley Royd hospital scandal of 1984, by Brian Deer">{{cite web |url=http://briandeer.com/social/stanley-royd.htm |title=The Stanley Royd hospital scandal of 1984, by Brian Deer |format= |work= |accessdate=2013-03-12}}</ref> and the [[bovine spongiform encephalopathy]] (BSE, mad cow disease) outbreak identified in the 1980s. The death of 17 people in the 1996 Wishaw outbreak of E. coli O157 was a precursor to the establishment of the [[Food Standards Agency]] which, according to Tony Blair in the 1998 white paper  [http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/maffdh/fsa/fsa.htm ''A Force for Change'' Cm 3830] "would be powerful, open and dedicated to the interests of consumers".


====United States====
====United States====
Line 103: Line 103:


[[Category:Foodborne illnesses|*]]
[[Category:Foodborne illnesses|*]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 
[[Category:Nutrition]]
[[Category:Nutrition]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Food safety]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]



Latest revision as of 17:45, 18 September 2017

Foodborne illness Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Foodborne Illness from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Foodborne illness epidemiology and demographics On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Foodborne illness epidemiology and demographics

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA onFoodborne illness epidemiology and demographics

CDC onFoodborne illness epidemiology and demographics

Foodborne illness epidemiology and demographics in the news

Blogs onFoodborne illness epidemiology and demographics

Directions to Hospitals Treating Foodborne Illness

Risk calculators and risk factors for Foodborne illness epidemiology and demographics

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Epidemiology and Demographics

Global Impact

In modern times, rapid globalization of food production and trade has increased the potential likelihood of food contamination. Many outbreaks of foodborne diseases that were once contained within a small community may now take place on global dimensions. Food safety authorities all over the world have acknowledged that ensuring food safety must not only be tackled at the national level but also through closer linkages among food safety authorities at the international level. This is important for exchanging routine information on food safety issues and to have rapid access to information in case of food safety emergencies.

It is difficult to estimate the global incidence of foodborne disease, but it has been reported that in the year 2000 about 2.1 million people died from diarrheal diseases. Many of these cases have been attributed to contamination of food and drinking water. Additionally, diarrhea is a major cause of malnutrition in infants and young children.

Even in industrialized countries, up to 30% of the population of people have been reported to suffer from foodborne diseases every year. In the U.S, around 76 million cases of foodborne diseases, which resulted in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, are estimated to occur each year. Developing countries in particular, are worst affected by foodborne illnesses due to the presence of a wide range of dieases, including those caused by parasites. Foodborne illnesses can and did inflict serious and extensive harm on society. In 1994, an outbreak of salmonellosis due to contaminated ice cream occurred in the USA, affecting an estimated 224,000 persons. In 1988, an outbreak of hepatitis A, resulting from the consumption of contaminated clams, affected some 300,000 individuals in China.

Food contamination creates an enormous social and economic strain on societies. In the U.S., diseases caused by the major pathogens alone are estimated to cost up to US $35 billion annually (1997) in medical costs and lost productivity. The re-emergence of cholera in Peru in 1991 resulted in the loss of US $500 million in fish and fishery product exports that year.

Statistics

Every year there are about 76 million foodborne illnesses in the United States (26,000 cases for 100,000 inhabitants), 2 million in the United Kingdom (3,400 cases for 100,000 inhabitants) and 750,000 in France (1,210 cases for 100,000 inhabitants).

United States

In the United States, there are approximately 76 million foodborne illnesses (26,000 cases for 100,000 inhabitants):[1]

  • 325,000 were hospitalized (111 per 100,000 inhabitants)
  • 5,000 people died (1.7 per 100,000 inhabitants)
  • Major pathogens from food borne illness in the United States cost upwards of US $35 billion dollars in medical costs and lost productivity (1997)

France

In France, for 750,000 cases(1,210 per 100,000 inhabitants):

  • 70,000 people consulted in the emergency department of an hospital (113 per 100,000 inhabitants);
  • 113,000 people were hospitalized (24 per 100,000 inhabitants);
  • 400 people died (0.9 per 100,000 inhabitants).

Australia

In Australia, there are an estimated 5.4 million cases of food-borne illness every year, causing:[2]

  • 18,000 hospitalizations
  • 120 deaths
  • 2.1 million lost days of work
  • 1.2 million doctor consultations
  • 300,000 prescriptions for antibiotics
Causes of foodborne illness in France[3][4]
Cause Annual cases Rate
(per 100,000 inhabitants)
1 Salmonella ~8,000 cases 13
2 Campylobacter ~3,000 cases 4.8
3 Parasites
incl. Toxoplasma
~500 cases
~400 cases
0.8
0.65
4 Listeria ~300 cases 0.5
5 Hepatitis A ~60 cases 0.1
Causes of death by foodborne illness in France
Cause Annual Rate
(per 100,000 inhabitants)
1 Salmonella ~300 cases 0.5
2 Listeria ~80 cases 0.13
3 Parasites ~37 cases 0.06
(95% due to toxoplasma)
4 Campylobacter ~15 cases 0.02
5 Hepatitis A ~2 cases 0.003

Outbreaks

The vast majority of reported cases of foodborne illness occur as individual or sporadic cases. The origin of most sporadic cases is undetermined. In the United States, where people eat outside the home frequently, most outbreaks (58%) originate from commercial food facilities (2004 FoodNet data). An outbreak is defined as occurring when two or more people experience similar illness after consuming food from a common source.

Often, a combination of events contributes to an outbreak, for example, food might be left at room temperature for many hours, allowing bacteria to multiply which is compounded by inadequate cooking which results in a failure to kill the dangerously elevated bacterial levels.

Outbreaks are usually identified when those affected know each other. However, more and more, outbreaks are identified by public health staff from unexpected increases in laboratory results for certain strains of bacteria. Outbreak detection and investigation in the United States is primarily handled by local health jurisdictions and is inconsistent from district to district. It is estimated that 1–2% of outbreaks are detected.

Political Issues

United Kingdom

In the UK serious outbreaks of foodborne illness since the 1970s prompted key changes in UK food safety law. These included the death of 19 patients in the Stanley Royd Hospital outbreak [5] and the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, mad cow disease) outbreak identified in the 1980s. The death of 17 people in the 1996 Wishaw outbreak of E. coli O157 was a precursor to the establishment of the Food Standards Agency which, according to Tony Blair in the 1998 white paper A Force for Change Cm 3830 "would be powerful, open and dedicated to the interests of consumers".

United States

In 2001, the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) petitioned the United States Department of Agriculture to require meat packers to remove spinal cords before processing cattle carcasses for human consumption, a measure designed to lessen the risk of infection by variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The petition was supported by the American Public Health Association, the Consumer Federation of America, the Government Accountability Project, the National Consumers League, and Safe Tables Our Priority. This was opposed by the National Cattlemen's Beef Association, the National Renderers Association, the National Meat Association, the Pork Producers Council, sheep raisers, milk producers, the Turkey Federation, and eight other organizations from the animal-derived food industry. This was part of a larger controversy regarding the United States' violation of World Health Organization proscriptions to lessen the risk of infection by variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

References

  1. "Food safety and foodborne illness". Unknown parameter |pulisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
  2. "Food borne illness in Australia" (PDF). Unknown parameter |pulisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
  3. "Report of the French sanitary agencies" (PDF) (in French). INVS/Afssa.
  4. "Summary of Report of the French sanitary agencies" (PDF) (in French). INVS/Afssa.
  5. "The Stanley Royd hospital scandal of 1984, by Brian Deer". Retrieved 2013-03-12.



Template:WikiDoc Sources