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| __NOTOC__
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| {{Malaria}}
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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AJL}}
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| ==Overview==
| | #REDIRECT [[Plasmodium]] |
| Malaria is a [[Vector (biology)|vector]]-borne [[infectious disease]] caused by [[protozoan]] parasites. '' [[P. vivax]]'' is the most common cause of infection, responsible for about 80% of all malaria cases. ''P. falciparum'', the most significant cause of disease, is responsible for about 15% of infections and 90% of deaths.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Mendis K, Sina B, Marchesini P, Carter R |title = The neglected burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria. |url=http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/reprint/64/1_suppl/97.pdf | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg |volume = 64 | issue = 1-2 Suppl | pages = 97-106 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11425182}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Mendis K, Sina B, Marchesini P, Carter R | title = The neglected burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria. | url=http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/reprint/64/1_suppl/97.pdf | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 64 | issue = 1-2 Suppl | pages = 97-106 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11425182}}</ref>
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| ==Causes==
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| '' [[P. vivax]]'' is the most common cause of infection, responsible for about 80% of all malaria cases. ''[[P. falciparum]]'', the most significant cause of disease, is responsible for about 15% of infections and 90% of deaths.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Mendis K, Sina B, Marchesini P, Carter R | title = The neglected burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria. | url=http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/reprint/64/1_suppl/97.pdf | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 64 | issue = 1-2 Suppl | pages = 97-106 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11425182}}</ref> The remainder of human malaria infections are caused by ''[[P. ovale]]'', ''[[P. malariae]]'', and ''[[P. knowlesi]].''
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| The following table distinguishes between the different strains of ''[[Plasmodium]]'' species, all of which are causative agents of malarial infection.
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| {| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
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| |+'''''Comparison of ''Plasmodium'' Species Implicated in Human Malaria''''' ({{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/malaria/dx.html |title= Malaria |date= Nov. 29 2013 |website= Center for Disease Control and Prevention|publisher= Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|accessdate=Jul 24 2014}})
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 120px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Strain}}
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 550px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Appearance of Erythrocyte (RBC)}}
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 550px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Appearance of Parasite}}
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; width: 550px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Clinical Significance}}
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''''P. falciparum'''''
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| *Normal appearance with Maurer's clefts: Ring, [[trophozoite]], and [[schizont]] forms.
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| *Distorted appearance: Gametocyte form
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| *Chromatin dots and "appliqué" (accolé): Ring form
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| *Clump of mass and dark pigment: Trophozoite and schizont forms
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| *Crescent or sausage shape: Gametocyte form
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Tertian/subtertian [[fever]] (every 48 hours), causes severe malaria in up to 24% of cases, and is frequently drug resistant.
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''''P. vivax'''''
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| *Normal with fine Schüffner dots: Ring form
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| *Enlarged with fine Schüffner dots: [[Trophozoite]], [[schizont]], and gametocyte forms
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| *Large cytoplasm with pseudopods: Ring form
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| *Large ameboid cytoplasm with yellow-brown pigment: Trophozite form
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| *Large mass that fills [[RBC]] with yellow-brown coalescent pigment: [[Schizont]] form
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| *Large mass that fills [[RBC]] with scattered brown pigment: Gametocyte form
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| Tertian fever (every 48 hours), results in severe malaria in up to 22% of cases, and is frequently drug resistant. Relapse is common due to the dormant liver phase.
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''''P. ovale'''''
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal with fine Schüffner dots
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| *Sturdy cytoplasm and large chromatin: Ring form
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| *Compact [[cytoplasm]] with dark-brown pigment: Trophozoite form
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| *Large [[nuclei]] clustered around mass of dark-brown pigment: Schizont form
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| *Round to oval form that fills [[RBC]] with scattered brown pigment: Gametocyte form
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Tertian fever (every 48 hours), rarely causes severe malaria or drug resistance. Relapse is common due to dormant liver phase.
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''''P. malariae'''''
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal with Ziemann's stippling
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| *Sturdy cytoplasm and large chromatin: Ring form
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| *Compact cytoplasm with occasional band forms and coarse dark-brown pigment: [[Trophozoite]] form
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| *Large nuclei clustered around a mass of coarse, dark-brown pigment and occasional rosettes: [[Schizont]] form
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| *Round to oval form that fills [[RBC]] with scattered brown pigment: Gametocyte form
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Quartan [[fever]] (every 72 hrs), rarely results in severe malaria or drug resistance. Although dormant liver phase is uncommon, infection persistence is frequently demonstrated.
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''''P. knowlesi'''''
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Normal with Sinton and Mulligan stippling
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
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| *Delicate cytoplasm with appliqué (accolé) forms: Ring form
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| *Compact cytoplasm and large chromatin with band forms and dark-brown pigment: [[Trophozoite]] form
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| *Segmentation with large nuclei around a mass of coarse brown pigment and occasional rosettes: [[Schizont]] form
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| *Round to oval form that fills [[RBC]] with scattered brown pigment: Gametocyte form
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| | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Daily fevers, may result in severe malaria in up to 10% of cases, although resistance is rare.
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| |}
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| <sup><center>Adapted from Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - Malaria </center></sup>
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| [[Category:Apicomplexa]]
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| [[Category:Insect-borne diseases]]
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| [[Category:Malaria]]
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| [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
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| [[Category:Parasitic diseases]]
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| [[Category:Tropical disease]]
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| [[Category:Deaths from malaria]]
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| [[Category:Infectious disease]]
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| [[Category:Disease]]
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| [[Category:Needs content]]
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