Malaria causes: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
(Redirected page to Plasmodium)
 
(4 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
{{Malaria}}
{{CMG}}


==Overview==
#REDIRECT [[Plasmodium]]
Malaria is a [[Vector (biology)|vector]]-borne [[infectious disease]] caused by [[protozoan]] parasites.'' [[P. vivax]]'' is the most common cause of infection, responsible for about 80 % of all malaria cases. However, ''[[P. falciparum]]'' is the most important cause of disease, and responsible for about 15% of infections and 90% of deaths.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Mendis K, Sina B, Marchesini P, Carter R | title = The neglected burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria. | url=http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/reprint/64/1_suppl/97.pdf | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 64 | issue = 1-2 Suppl | pages = 97-106 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11425182}}</ref>
 
==Causes==
'' [[P. vivax]]'' is the most common cause of infection, responsible for about 80 % of all malaria cases. However, ''[[P. falciparum]]'' is the most important cause of disease, and responsible for about 15% of infections and 90% of deaths.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Mendis K, Sina B, Marchesini P, Carter R | title = The neglected burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria. | url=http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/reprint/64/1_suppl/97.pdf | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 64 | issue = 1-2 Suppl | pages = 97-106 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11425182}}</ref> The remainder of human malaria infections are caused by ''[[P. ovale]]'', ''[[P. malariae]]'', and ''[[P. knowlesi]].''
 
 
The following table distinguishes between the different strains of ''[[Plasmodium]]'' species, all of which are causative agents of malaria infection.
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
|+'''''Comparison of ''Plasmodium'' Species Implicated in Human Malaria''''' ({{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/malaria/dx.html |title= Malaria |date= Nov. 29 2013 |website= Center for Disease Control and Prevention|publisher= Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|accessdate=Jul 24 2014}})
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 120px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Strain}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 550px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Appearance of Erythrocyte (RBC)}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 550px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Appearance of Parasite}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 550px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Clinical Significance}}
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''''P. falciparum'''''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Normal appearance with Maurer's clefts: Ring, [[trophozoite]], and [[schizont]] forms.
*Distorted appearance: Gametocyte form
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Chromatin dots and "appliqué" (accolé): Ring form
*Clump of mass and dark pigment: Trophozoite and schizont forms
*Crescent or sausage shape: Gametocyte form
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Tertian/subtertian [[fever]] (every 48 hours), causes severe malaria in up to 24% of cases, and is often drug resistant.
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''''P. vivax'''''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Normal with fine Schüffner dots: Ring form
*Enlarged with fine Schüffner dots: Trophozoite, schizont, and gametocyte forms
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Large cytoplasm with pseudopods: Ring form
*Large ameboid cytoplasm with yellow-brown pigment: Trophozite form
*Large mass that fills all RBC with yellow-brown coalescent pigment: Schizont form
*Large mass that fills all RBC with scattered brown pigment: Gametocyte form
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
Tertian fever (every 48 hours), causes severe malaria in up to 22% of cases, and is often drug resistant. Relapse is common due to dormant liver phase.
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''''P. ovale'''''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal with fine Schüffner dots
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Sturdy cytoplasm and large chromatin: Ring form
*Compact cytoplasm with dark-brown pigment: Trophozoite form
*Large nuclei clustered around mass of dark-brown pigment: Schizont form
*Round to oval form that fills all RBC with scattered brown pigment: Gametocyte form
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Tertian fever (every 48 hours), rarely causes severe malaria or drug resistance. Relapse is common due to dormant liver phase.
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''''P. malariae'''''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal with Ziemann's stippling
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Sturdy cytoplasm and large chromatin: Ring form
*Compact cytoplasm with occasional band forms and coarse dark-brown pigment: Trophozoite form
*Large nuclei clustered around mass of coarse, dark-brown pigment and occasional rosettes: Schizont form
*Round to oval form that fills all RBC with scattered brown pigment: Gametocyte form
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Quartan fever (every 72 hrs), rarely causes severe malaria or drug resistance. Although dormant liver phase is uncommon, infection persistence is commonly seen.
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''''P. knowlesi'''''
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Normal with Sinton and Mulligan stippling
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Delicate cytoplasm with appliqué (accolé) forms: Ring form
*Compact cytoplasm and large chromatin with band forms and dark-brown pigment: Trophozoite form
*Segmented with large nuclei around mass of coarse brown pigment and occasional rosettes: Schizont form
*Round to oval form that fills all RBC with scattered brown pigment: Gametocyte form
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | Daily fevers, may cause severe malaria in up to 10% of cases. Drug resistance is rare.
|-
|}
 
<sup><center>Adapted from Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) -  Malaria </center></sup>
 
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Apicomplexa]]
[[Category:Insect-borne diseases]]
[[Category:Malaria]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Parasitic diseases]]
[[Category:Tropical disease]]
[[Category:Deaths from malaria]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 20:23, 3 August 2015

Redirect to: