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| Before the widespread use of potent combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), opportunistic infections (OIs), which have been defined as infections that are more frequent or more severe because of immunosuppression in HIV-infected persons, were the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. In the early 1990s, the use of chemoprophylaxis, immunization, and better strategies for managing acute OIs contributed to improved quality of life and improved survival.<ref name="pmid16741877">{{cite journal |author=Walensky RP, Paltiel AD, Losina E, Mercincavage LM, Schackman BR, Sax PE, Weinstein MC, Freedberg KA |title=The survival benefits of AIDS treatment in the United States |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=194 |issue=1 |pages=11–9 |year=2006 |month=July |pmid=16741877 |doi=10.1086/505147 |url=http://www.jid.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16741877 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref> However, the widespread use of ART starting in the mid-1990s has had the most profound influence on reducing OI-related mortality in HIV-infected persons in those countries in which these therapies are accessible and affordable.
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| ! Disease | | ! style="background: #4479BA; color:#FFF; width: 100px;" | |
| ! Description
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| ! Clinical Findings
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| ! Diagnosis
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| ! Prophylaxis
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| ! Treatment
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| | [[Pneumocystis pneumonia|Pneumocystis Pneumonia]] <br> <br><small>[[HIV opportunistic infection pneumocystis pneumonia: prevention and treatment guidelines|(Click here for more information)]]</small>
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| *Caused by the fungus ''Pneumocystis jirovecii''.
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| *90% of cases occurred among patients with CD4+ <200
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| *Incidence among HIV patients: 2-3 cases per 100 person-year
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| |Subacute onset of progressive dyspnea, fever, nonproductive cough, and chest discomfort that worsens within days to weeks. Tachypnea, tachycardia, and diffuse dry rales are found in the physical examination. | |
| | Clinical presentation, blood tests, or chest x-rays are not pathognomonic for PCP. | |
| | Start TMP-SMX prophylaxis when CD4+ <200 cells/µL or history of oropharyngeal candidiasis. <br> Discontinue prophylaxis when CD4+ is >200 cells/µL for >3 month.
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| *TMP-SMX
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| *<small>Administer adjunctive corticosteroids in patients with pO2 <70 mm Hg or arterial-alveolar O2 gradient >35 mm Hg</small>
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