Property:AnswerEExp
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Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) plays a central role in the generation of purine nucleotides through the purine salvage pathway. HGPRT itself is not inhibited by any clinically used chemotherapeutics. However, HGPRT is responsible for the activation of 6-mercaptopurine, a purine analog used as a chemotherapeutic agent for hematopoetic malignancies. HGPRT is deficient in patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. +
Vincristine is an alkaloid that binds to β-tubulin dimers, thereby inhibiting the assembly of microtubules and blocking microtubule formation in the mitotic spindle (M-phase arrest). Because cancer cells divide more rapidly, there is a therapeutic window which allows vincristine to be used as a chemotherapeutic agent. Mitosis occurs after cells have duplicated their genomes in S phase. Thus, cells which are stalled in mitosis will appear to have doubled DNA content, which is pictured in the flow cytometry plot above. +
Etoposide is a topoisomerase II inhibitor that causes DNA damage by inducing strand breaks. Etoposide is a cell-cycle-specific chemotherapeutic agent that acts primarily during S and G2 phases. It is indicated for a variety of solid tumors including small cell lung carcinoma and hematopoetic malignancies. Classically, administration of etoposide is associated with bone marrow suppression. +
Hydroxyurea is indicated for sickle cell disease because it increases the synthesis of fetal hemoglobin (HbF). Sickle cell disease is causede by a point mutation in the beta-globin chain, whereby glutamic acid is substituted for valine at position 6. +
MALT Lymphoma is associated with ''H. pylori'' infection and is not susceptible to imatinib therapy. For early and localized MALT lymphoma, treatment of underlying ''H. pylori'' infection by antibiotics is often sufficient to induce tumor regression. +
Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent that covalently cross-links guanine nucleotides at the N-7 nitrogen. While cyclophosphamide may be indicated for ovarian carcinoma, it is not used to coat drug-eluting stents. +
This is not the correct set of lab results because in patients with POF, ovarian hormones are decreased, while pituitary hormones are increased due to an absence of feedback inhibition. +
Intracranial hemorrhage is a common cause of death in patients with HELLP syndrome. It is thought to be due to the combination of thrombocytopenia and severe hypertension. +
The gastroepiploic artery is contained in the gastrocolic ligament, which connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon. +
Frequently, patients with tropical sprue have inflammation of the entire small bowel. Large bowel inflammation is not typically involved in tropical sprue. +
Nystagmus may be a sign of eye disease, but is also a common ophthalmological manifestation of inner ear and neurological diseases. +
'''Incorrect''' : There is no requirement for a diagnostic tool in a clinically diagnosed patient. +
'''Incorrect''' - Muscle biopsy is performed when symptoms persist even after starting appropriate treatment. +
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is a gene located in chromosome 2q33.3 while IDH2 is located in chromosome 15q26.1. These genes are responsible for encoding enzymes catalyzing oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate. Mutations in this gene confer poor prognosis in certain subsets of AML. +
''Cryptococcus neoformans'' is an encapsulated monomorphic yeast. It does not form spherules with endospores. +
''Sporothrix schenckii'' is a dimorphic fungus that forms cigar-shaped yeast in tissue. At 25°C it forms septate hyphae with oval-shaped, glass-like spores. +