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Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is a congenital heart disease (CHD) caused by the anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum. It is characterized by the presence of 4 anomalies: Pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect (VSD), right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), and an overriding aorta. Although an associated between rubella and ToF have been described, ToF is not the most common association with rubella during pregnancy. +
This is not the correct dosing regimen for treating adults and children with onchocerciasis. The correct dose is 150 micrograms per kilogram in one dose every six months. +
Infant serum FTA-ABS is a treponemal test and non-treponemal test (RPR and VDRL) should be performed on a infant of reactive mother. +
Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by ''Trichomonas vaginalis''. It is an anaerobic, flagellated parasite that has a characteristic "cork-screw" motility. +
Excess ADH is seen among patients with SIADH. In contrast, low ADH levels or resistance to ADH receptors is seen in central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, respectively. To date, there is no evidence to show the association between ADH levels and HD. +
Incorrect- Peak-flow monitoring is useful for the short- and long-term monitoring of asthma patients and for exacerbation management but not for primary diagnosis. +
The 3rd branchial pouch is responsible for the development of the inferior parathyroid glands (dorsal wings) and the thymus (ventral wings). However, the 3rd branchial pouch is not the only involved branchial pouch in DiGeorge syndrome. The 4th branchial pouch, which is responsible for the development of the superior parathyroids (dorsal wings), is also involved. +
Patients with neonatal meningitis may present with seizures. The list of differential diagnoses of neonatal seizures is long; it includes neruological disesaes, infectious diseases, and mitochondrial diseases, among many others. Patients with cystic fibrosis, however, do not typically present with neonatal seizures. +
This karyotype refers to a rare mosaic chromosomal abnormality which causes some cells in the body to have XX chromosomes and some to have XY chromosomes. This karyotype causes intersex conditions. +
Mutation of the ryanodine receptor is associated with malignant hyperthermia (MH). The ryanodine receptor ''RYR1'' gene encodes calcium release in skeletal muscles. Patients with a mutated ''RYR1'' are susceptible to MH. +
Folate deficiency causes macrocytic anemia and elevated homocysteine levels with no neurologic involvement. However, folate deficiency would not cause a phenotype as severe as the classic homocystinuria phenotype observed in this patient. +
The Valgus stress test is a test for ligament damage. It involves placing the leg into extension, with one hand placed as a pivot on the knee. With the other hand placed upon the foot applying an abducting force, an attempt is then made to force the leg at the knee into valgus. If the knee is seen to open up on the medial side, this is indicative of medial collateral ligament damage and may also indicate capsular or cruciate ligament laxity. +
Incorrect. Labyrinthitis is an inflammation or dysfunction of the vestibular labyrinth, which is a system of intercommunicating cavities and canals in the inner ear. The syndrome is defined by the acute onset of vertigo that commonly is associated with head or body movement. Nausea, vomiting, and malaise often accompany the vertigo. The pathophysiology of this syndrome is not completely understood. However, a dysfunction of the vestibular apparatus is clearly present when labyrinthitis occurs. Many cases of labyrinthitis are associated with systemic or viral-like illnesses. Suppurative or bacterial labyrinthitis is rare, but it should be considered in patients with acute or chronic otitis media. Cases are reported in association with meningitis, but the presentation of the meningitis often overwhelms the vestibular symptoms. +
The patient has chronic hepatitis B. The presence of antibody to hepatitis B core with a positive hepatitis B surface antigen is indicative of chronic infection. +
<font color="red">'''Incorrect.'''</font> Angiotensin II is degraded to angiotensin III by angiotensinases located in red blood cells and the vascular beds of most tissues. It has a half-life in circulation of around 30 seconds, whereas, in tissue, it may be as long as 15–30 minutes. +
Incorrect. Labyrinthitis is an inflammation or dysfunction of the vestibular labyrinth, which is a system of intercommunicating cavities and canals in the inner ear. The syndrome is defined by the acute onset of vertigo that commonly is associated with head or body movement. Nausea, vomiting, and malaise often accompany the vertigo. The pathophysiology of this syndrome is not completely understood. However, a dysfunction of the vestibular apparatus is clearly present when labyrinthitis occurs. Many cases of labyrinthitis are associated with systemic or viral-like illnesses. Suppurative or bacterial labyrinthitis is rare, but it should be considered in patients with acute or chronic otitis media. Cases are reported in association with meningitis, but the presentation of the meningitis often overwhelms the vestibular symptoms. +