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Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis is based on physical examination findings of characteristic non-healing scaling lesions that frequently ulcerate. +
In the classical muscle contraction pathway, stimuli (e.g. histamine) initially bind to Gq protein-coupled receptors located on the surface of vascular smooth muscle cells. The binding process activates phospholipase C, which mediates the synthesis of both 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 then binds to receptors on the sarcoplasmic reticulum to mediate the mobilization of stored calcium into the cytosol. As cytosolic calcium concentration increases, calcium/calmodulin complexes form and activate MLCK, which result in the phosphorylation of myosin light chain and smooth muscle contraction. +
Clonidine is a centrally acting alpha-2 agonist. Clonidine is typically associated with lightheadednes, dry mouth, dizziness, constipation, and hypotension. +
Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are not effective in the management of Raynaud's phenomenon. +
The thickened secretions from the pancreas block the exocrine movement of the digestive enzymes into the duodenum and result in irreversible damage to the pancreas. This causes atrophy of the exocrine glands and progressive fibrosis. The observed delay for pancreatic fibrosis to develop accounts for the delayed damage to the endocrine pancreas, whose manifestations often appear at an advanced stage of the disease. The median age at diagnosis of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is 18-21 years. +
Irinotecan and topotecan are camptothecin analogs approved for clinical use in colorectal, ovarian, and small cell lung cancer. Camptothecins stabilize the normally transient DNA-topoisomerase I cleavable complex and cause an irreversible double-strand DNA break during replication. DNA topoisomerases are nuclear enzymes that reduce torsional stress in supercoiled DNA, allowing selected regions of DNA to become sufficiently untangled for replication, repair, and transcription. Camptothecin analogs inhibit topoisomerase I, while anthracyclines, epipodophyllotoxins, and acridines inhibit topoisomerase II.
DNA topoisomerases are nuclear enzymes that reduce torsional stress in supercoiled DNA, allowing selected regions of DNA to become sufficiently untangled for replication, repair, and transcription. Camptothecin analogs inhibit the function of topoisomerase I, while anthracyclines, epipodophyllotoxins and acridines inhibit topoisomerase II. +
Medullary thyroid cancer is a form of thyroid carcinoma, which originates from the parafollicular cells that produce calcitonin. Approximately 25% of medullary thyroid cancers are genetic in nature, caused by a mutation in the ''RET'' proto-oncogene. Medullary thyroid carcinoma may be associated with multiple endocrine neoplasias type 2A and 2B. +
Patients with moderate-to-severe PCP should receive adjunctive corticosteroids as early as possible within 72 hours after starting specific PCP therapy. However, methylprednisolone generally does not cause hemolytic anemia. +
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis is an inflammation of small blood vessels characterized by palpable purpura. It is the most common vasculitis in clinical practice. Leukocytoclasis refers to the damage caused by nuclear debris from infiltrating neutrophils in and around the vessels. +
Ruptured atheroma with fully obstructive thrombus is the underlying pathophysiology of a myocardial infarction. The patient is likely to have acute transmural myocardial infarction of the lateral wall, as evidenced by the ECG changes. +
Hepatic stellate cells, also known as either perisinusoidal cells or Ito cells (earlier lipocytes or fat-storing cells), are pericytes found in the perisinusoidal space of the liver also known as the space of Disse. Following ingestion, vitamin A, a lipid soluble vitamin, undergoes hepatic metabolism, whereby hepatic parenchymal cells absorb vitamin A in the form of retinyl esters. Parenchymal cells metabolize the retinyl esters, which is subsequently transferred to the stellate cells for either storage with other long-chain fatty acids or mobilization into the plasma (bound to RBP). +
Anti-U1-RNP antibody targets snRNP, which is a complex of snRNA (produced by RNAP II) and multiple proteins. +