Property:AnswerEExp
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The ''Bordetella pertussis'' exotoxin is also an A/B toxin that acts by binding the G<sub>i</sub> subunit of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The binding process disables the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity, leading to increased concentrations of cyclic AMP (cAMP). The ''Bordetella pertussis'' exotoxin is usually inactivated by heating at 60 °C (140 °F) for several minutes. +
Myotonic dystrophy is not a mitochondrial disorder. An example of a mitochondrial disorder is Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy. +
Pheochromocytoma is also a cause of secondary hypertension in young patients. However, imaging in pheochromocytoma typically demonstrates a mass in the adrenal glands. Renal artery involvement is not likely in pheochromocytoma. +
An extra copy of the amyloid precursor protien (APP) on chromosome 21 is associated with the accelerated development of Alzheimer’s disease among patients with Down syndrome. +
''Legionella pneumophila'' causes Legionnaires disease, a severe form of pneumonia. ''L. pneumophila'' is a gram-negative rod that stains poorly with gram stain. Silver stain is used in the culture media. ''L. pneumophila'' grows on charcoal yeast extract culture with iron and cysteine; it is also detected clinically by the presence of its antigen in urine. +
Gaucher's disease, a lysosomal storage disease, is characterized by hepatomegaly and aseptic necrosis of the femur. On pathology, Gaucher's cells ("crumpled tissue paper" macrophages) are observed. +
"E" corresponds to the 2' region of the nucleoside. It does not bear the triphosphate ring. +
"E" corresponds to adenosine kinase not HGPRT. Severe developmental abnormalities and early postnatal death have been documented in knockout animal models. You are not required to know this information for the USMLE Step 1. +
Gout is caused by precipitation of monosodium urate crystals (MSU) in joints. It is a common complication of hyperuricemia. +
Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) results from the rapid transfusion of blood products. TACO is a non-immune condition, which typically causes high blood pressure, peripheral edema, dyspnea, and orthopnea. +
Enhancers are specific regions on DNA that bind to transcription factors and alter gene expression. They are located anywhere along or outside the transcribed DNA region. +
Vasodilation is helpful for patients with SCD, but is not the mechanism by which hydroxyurea is beneficial. +
Swallowing involves several cranial nerves most importantly CN IX or the glossopharyngeal nerve. +
In case of conflict or difficult situations, hospital ethics committees may be useful to help patient families reach reasonable conclusions. In this scenario, other family members argue that the patient's wife might not have the patient's best interest in mind. Accordingly, the physician in charge may use the help of a hospital ethics committee to aid the family in reaching a conclusion. +
Confirming adherence to administered medications should be assessed, but is not as important as inquiring about suicidal ideations. +