Animal physiology

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Editor-In-Chief: Henry A. Hoff

File:Trout-fish-anatomy.jpg
This is a generalized trout anatomy. Credit: ScientificFishing.com.

Physiology has traditionally been divided into plant physiology and animal physiology but the principles of physiology are universal, no matter what particular organism is being studied. For example, what is learned about the physiology of yeast cells can also apply to human cells.

Physiology

Main article: Physiology

Physiology is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms.

Def. a "branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of life or of living matter (as organs, tissues, or cells) and of the physical and chemical phenomena involved"[1] is called a physiology.

Physiology is the scientific study of the functions and mechanisms which work within a living system.[2][3]

As a sub-discipline of biology, the focus of physiology is in how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical and physical functions that exist in a living system.[4]

Animals

Main article: Animals
File:Commonbuckeye.JPG
The elaborate patterns on the wings of butterflies are one example of bilateral symmetry. Credit: Carpaltnl.

Animals are heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms which ingest food.

Def. "a multicellular organism that is usually mobile, whose cells are not encased in a rigid cell wall (distinguishing it from plants and fungi) and which derives energy solely from the consumption of other organisms"[5] is called an animal.

Theoretical animal physiology

Here's a theoretical definition:

Def. a branch of zoology that deals with the functions and activities of single or multicellular organisms that are usually mobile, whose cells are not encased in a rigid cell wall and which derive energy solely from the consumption of other organisms, and of the physical and chemical phenomena involved is called an animal physiology.

Functionings

Central to an understanding of physiological functioning is the investigation of the fundamental biophysical and biochemical phenomena, the coordinated homeostatic control mechanisms, and the continuous communication between cells.[6]

"All humans are capable of producing the same wide range of vowel sounds."[7]

"Huh? is the product of convergent evolution. This term refers to the independent evolution of similar structures in unrelated species."[7]

"Huh? has a similar form across languages because the same set of conditions leads in all languages to something like the Huh? word being produced. In the flow of conversation, people need to be sure that others know when they have failed to understand. Time runs by quickly in conversation, and there is only a short window in which to signal a comprehension problem. In that situation, one needs a syllable that is fast and easy to pronounce. Huh? does the job. The particular vowels that Huh? is restricted to in all languages happen to be the vowels that are most easily pronounced when a person’s tongue is in a relaxed position."[7]

States

The physiologic state is the condition occurring per normal body function, while the pathologic state is centered on the abnormalities that occur in animal diseases, including humans.[8]

Types of organisms

According to the type of investigated organisms, the field can be divided into, animal physiology (including that of humans), plant physiology, cellular physiology and microbial physiology.[4]

Killer whales

File:Orca anatomy.svg
Basic external anatomy diagram shows the Killer Whale. Credit: Petruss.{{free media}}
File:Orca internal anatomy.svg
Internal anatomy is of a female killer whale. Credit: Kurzon.{{free media}}
File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - Museum - Workshop - Lecture hall, killer whale skeleton suspended from ceiling2.jpg
Killer whale skeleton (Orcinus orca) is suspended from ceiling. Credit: Henk Caspers/Naturalis.{{free media}}

The image on the left show the approximate location of the organs: melon, blowhole, esophagus, brain, lung, heart, sternum, liver, stomach, intestines, kidney, bladder, vagina, and colon.

The image on the right shows the basic external anatomy including dorsal fluke, dorsal cape, caudal peduncle, caudal fin, belly spot, pectoral fins beak, melon, and white eye patch.

On the skeleton in the center, note the four fingers (two are fused of the original five).

Acknowledgements

The content on this page was first contributed by: Henry A. Hoff.

Initial content for this page in some instances came from Wikiversity.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 62.252.224.13 (21 February 2005). physiology. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2016-03-27.
  2. ↑ What is physiology? — Faculty of Biology. Retrieved 2018-07-07.
  3. ↑ Prosser, C. Ladd (1991). Comparative Animal Physiology, Environmental and Metabolic Animal Physiology (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Liss. pp. 1–12. ISBN 978-0-471-85767-9.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hall, John (2011). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (12th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4160-4574-8.
  5. ↑ 130.88.96.66 (21 April 2003). animal. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2016-03-27.
  6. ↑ Widmaier, Eric P.; Raff, Hershel; Strang, Kevin T. (2016). Vander's Human Physiology The Mechanisms of Body Function. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-1-259-29409-9.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 N. J. Enfield (May–June 2019). "Huh? Is That a Universal Word?". American Scientist. 107 (8): 178–83. doi:10.1511/2019.107.3.178. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  8. ↑ What is physiology? In: Medical News Today.

External links

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