Parapneumonic effusion

(Redirected from Parapneumonic effusions)
Jump to navigation Jump to search

WikiDoc Resources for Parapneumonic effusion

Articles

Most recent articles on Parapneumonic effusion

Most cited articles on Parapneumonic effusion

Review articles on Parapneumonic effusion

Articles on Parapneumonic effusion in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Parapneumonic effusion

Images of Parapneumonic effusion

Photos of Parapneumonic effusion

Podcasts & MP3s on Parapneumonic effusion

Videos on Parapneumonic effusion

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Parapneumonic effusion

Bandolier on Parapneumonic effusion

TRIP on Parapneumonic effusion

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Parapneumonic effusion at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Parapneumonic effusion

Clinical Trials on Parapneumonic effusion at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Parapneumonic effusion

NICE Guidance on Parapneumonic effusion

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Parapneumonic effusion

CDC on Parapneumonic effusion

Books

Books on Parapneumonic effusion

News

Parapneumonic effusion in the news

Be alerted to news on Parapneumonic effusion

News trends on Parapneumonic effusion

Commentary

Blogs on Parapneumonic effusion

Definitions

Definitions of Parapneumonic effusion

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Parapneumonic effusion

Discussion groups on Parapneumonic effusion

Patient Handouts on Parapneumonic effusion

Directions to Hospitals Treating Parapneumonic effusion

Risk calculators and risk factors for Parapneumonic effusion

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Parapneumonic effusion

Causes & Risk Factors for Parapneumonic effusion

Diagnostic studies for Parapneumonic effusion

Treatment of Parapneumonic effusion

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Parapneumonic effusion

International

Parapneumonic effusion en Espanol

Parapneumonic effusion en Francais

Business

Parapneumonic effusion in the Marketplace

Patents on Parapneumonic effusion

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Parapneumonic effusion

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

A parapneumonic effusion is a type of pleural effusion that arises as a result of a pneumonia. There are three types of parapneumonic effusions: uncomplicated effusions, complicated effusions, and empyema. Uncomplicated effusions generally respond well to appropriate antibiotic treatment. Complicated parapneumonic effusions respond more variably: many resolve with antibiotics but may benefit from early pleural fluid drainage. Treatment of empyemas includes antibiotics, complete pleural fluid drainage, and reexpansion of the lung.

  • A parapneumonic effusion is any pleural effusion that is associated with a bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess or bronchiectasis. 40% of all patients with bacterial pneumonia develop a pleural effusion, and the development of a pleural effusion increases morbidity and mortality as compared with an isolated pneumonia. . In general parapneumonic effusions have 3 stages:
    • Exudative: Due to capillary leak, causing a sterile effusion that has a poly predominance, with normal glucose and pH. It is seen within the 1st 72, and will usually resolve with antibiotics alone.
    • Fibrinopurulent: Occurs during days 3-7. The pleural fluid becomes infected with bacteria, and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) rises, as the glucose and pH fall. As the fibroblasts get busy, loculations develop which limits the extension of the empyema.
    • Organization: Further fibroblast activity produces a pleural peel leading to restrictive lung disease. Without definitive treatment, the empyema can drain externally (empyema necessitatis) or into the lung to produce a broncho-pleural fistula.
  • Approximately 20% of all parapneumonic effusions evolve into empyema. Hippocrates described empyema thoracis around 400 BC and predicted drainage of the pleural cavity as the treatment of choice. The term empyema refers to either the presence of gross pus in the pleural space, or a positive gram stain on pleural fluid analysis. 60% of empyemas evolve from a parapneumonic effusion, 20% after thoracic surgery and 20% from thoracic trauma, esophageal perforation, thoracentesis or subdiaphragmatic infection. The majority of patients who develop empyema have underlying disease, most frequently alcoholism (especially in patients with anaerobic infections), malignancy and diabetes.

Historical Perspective

  • [Disease name] was first discovered by [scientist name], a [nationality + occupation], in [year] during/following [event].
  • In [year], [gene] mutations were first identified in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
  • In [year], the first [discovery] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].

Classification

  • [Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups:
  • [group1]
  • [group2]
  • [group3]
  • Other variants of [disease name] include [disease subtype 1], [disease subtype 2], and [disease subtype 3].

Pathophysiology

  • The pathogenesis of [disease name] is characterized by [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3].
  • The [gene name] gene/Mutation in [gene name] has been associated with the development of [disease name], involving the [molecular pathway] pathway.
  • On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
  • On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Causes

  • [Disease name] may be caused by either [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
  • [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene1], [gene2], or [gene3] gene[s].
  • There are no established causes for [disease name].

Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases

  • [Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as:
  • [Differential dx1]
  • [Differential dx2]
  • [Differential dx3]

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • The prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number or range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
  • In [year], the incidence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location].

Age

  • Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
  • [Disease name] is more commonly observed among patients aged [age range] years old.
  • [Disease name] is more commonly observed among [elderly patients/young patients/children].

Gender

  • [Disease name] affects men and women equally.
  • [Gender 1] are more commonly affected with [disease name] than [gender 2].
  • The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

Race

  • There is no racial predilection for [disease name].
  • [Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
  • [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

Risk Factors

  • Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

  • The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
  • Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
  • If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
  • Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
  • Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10­year mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

  • The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:
  • [criterion 1]
  • [criterion 2]
  • [criterion 3]
  • [criterion 4]

Symptoms

  • [Disease name] is usually asymptomatic.
  • Symptoms of [disease name] may include the following:
  • [symptom 1]
  • [symptom 2]
  • [symptom 3]
  • [symptom 4]
  • [symptom 5]
  • [symptom 6]

Physical Examination

  • Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
  • Physical examination may be remarkable for:
  • [finding 1]
  • [finding 2]
  • [finding 3]
  • [finding 4]
  • [finding 5]
  • [finding 6]

Laboratory Findings

  • There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
  • A [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
  • An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
  • Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

Imaging Findings

  • There are no [imaging study] findings associated with [disease name].
  • [Imaging study 1] is the imaging modality of choice for [disease name].
  • On [imaging study 1], [disease name] is characterized by [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
  • [Imaging study 2] may demonstrate [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies

  • [Disease name] may also be diagnosed using [diagnostic study name].
  • Findings on [diagnostic study name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Treatment

Medical Therapy

  • There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
  • The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
  • [Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action 1].
  • Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].

Surgery

  • Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
  • [Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
  • [Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].

Prevention

  • There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].
  • Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
  • Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].

References

Duke, J. Roy, Jr. (2000). "Pleural Effusion". Frontline Assessment of Common Pulmonary Presentatons. Denver, CO: Snowdrift Pulmonary Foundation, Inc. ISBN 0-9671809-2-9. Retrieved 2007-08-07. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)


Template:WikiDoc Sources