Willem Einthoven
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Overview
Willem Einthoven (Semarang, May 21, 1860 – Leiden, September 29, 1927) was a Dutch doctor and physiologist. He invented the first practical electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) in 1903 and received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1924 for it.
Einthoven was born in Semarang on Java in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). His father, a medical doctor, died when Einthoven was a child. His mother returned to the Netherlands with her children in 1870 and settled in Utrecht. In 1885, Einthoven received a medical degree from the University of Utrecht. He became a professor at the University of Leiden in 1886.
Before Einthoven's time, it was known that the beating of the heart produced electrical currents, but the instruments of the time could not accurately measure this phenomenon without placing electrodes directly on the heart. Beginning in 1901, Einthoven completed a series of prototypes of a string galvanometer. This device used a very thin filament of conductive wire passing between very strong electromagnets. When a current passed through the filament, the electromagnetic field would cause the string to move. A light shining on the string would cast a shadow on a moving roll of photographic paper, thus forming a continuous curve showing the movement of the string. The original machine required water cooling for the powerful electromagnets, required 5 people to operate it and weighed some 600 lb. This device increased the sensitivity of the standard galvanometer so that the electrical activity of the heart could be measured despite the insulation of flesh and bones.
Although later technological advances brought about better and more portable EKG devices, much of the terminology used in describing an EKG originated with Einthoven. His assignment of the letters P, Q, R, S and T to the various deflections is still used. The term "Einthoven's triangle" is named for him. It refers to the imaginary inverted equilateral triangle centered on the chest and the points being the standard leads on the arms and leg.
After his development of the string galvanometer, Einthoven went on to describe the electrocardiographic features of a number of cardiovascular disorders. Later in life, Einthoven turned his attention to the study of acoustics.
He died in Leiden in the Netherlands and is buried in the graveyard of the Reformed Church at 6 Haarlemmerstraatweg in Oegstgeest[1].
See also
References and further reading
- ↑ Van Ditzhuijzen, Jeannette (September 9 2005). Bijna vergeten waren ze, de rustplaatsen van roemruchte voorvaderen. Trouw (Dutch newspaper), p. 9 of supplement.
- Cajavilca, Christian; Varon, Joseph (2008), "Resuscitation great. Willem Einthoven: the development of the human electrocardiogram.", Resuscitation (published 2008 Mar), 76 (3), pp. 325–8, doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.10.014, PMID:18164799 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - Barold, S Serge (2003), "Willem Einthoven and the birth of clinical electrocardiography a hundred years ago.", Cardiac electrophysiology review (published 2003 Jan), 7 (1), pp. 99–104, PMID:12766530 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - Schweitzer, P; Keller, S (2002), "Willem Einthoven--inventor of electrocardiography.", Vnitrní lékarství (published 2002 Dec), 48 Suppl 1, pp. 20–3, PMID:12744012 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - Haas, L F (2001), "Willem Einthoven (1860-1927).", J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. (published 2001 Sep), 71 (3), p. 407, PMID:11511722 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - Raju, T N (1998), "The Nobel chronicles. 1924: Willem Einthoven (1860-1927).", Lancet (published 1998 Nov 7), 352 (9139), p. 1560, PMID:9820341 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - Davies, M K; Hollman, A (1997), "Willem Einthoven (1860-1927).", Heart (published 1997 Oct), 78 (4), p. 324, PMID:9404240 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - Maciel, R (1996), "[Willem Einthoven. From an arduous beginning to the Nobel Prize]", Arq. Bras. Cardiol. (published 1996 Apr), 66 (4), pp. 179–86, PMID:8935680 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - Silverman, M E (1992), "Willem Einthoven--the father of electrocardiography.", Clinical cardiology (published 1992 Oct), 15 (10), pp. 785–7, PMID:1395193 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - Krikler, D M; Hollman, A (1990), "The last portrait of Willem Einthoven: newly discovered links between Sir Thomas Lewis and Alexander Samojloff.", British heart journal (published 1990 Sep), 64 (3), pp. 223–6, PMID:2206718 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - Ershler, I (1988), "Willem Einthoven--the man. The string galvanometer electrocardiograph.", Arch. Intern. Med. (published 1988 Feb), 148 (2), pp. 453–5, PMID:3277566 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - Schwartze, D (1985), "[Willem Einthoven. Thoughts on the occasion of his 125th anniversary]", Zeitschrift für die gesamte innere Medizin und ihre Grenzgebiete (published 1985 Jun 1), 40 (11), pp. 356–60, PMID:3898619 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - Denolin, H (1978), "Willem Einthoven. 50th commemorative anniversary.", European journal of cardiology (published 1978 Sep), 8 (2), pp. 303–4, PMID:359335 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - Tammeling, G J (1978), "Willem Einthoven as a pioneer in bronchial function.", European journal of cardiology (published 1978 Sep), 8 (2), pp. 299–302, PMID:359334 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - Snellen, H A (1978), "Willem Einthoven Memorial Symposium on Developments in Electrocardiography 1927-1977, Leiden, The Netherlands, 28 October 1977. Introduction.", European journal of cardiology (published 1978 Sep), 8 (2), pp. 201–3, PMID:359331 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - Rosol, Z (1977), "[50th anniversary of the death of Willem Einthoven (1860-1927)]", Cas. Lek. Cesk. (published 1977 Nov 25), 116 (47), p. 1480, PMID:340042 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - Kyle, R A; Shampo, M A (1977), "Willem Einthoven.", JAMA (published 1977 May 9), 237 (19), p. 2108, PMID:323520 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - Sulek, K (1967), "[Nobel prize in 1924 for Willem Einthoven for the discovery of the mechamism of the electrocardiogram]", Wiad. Lek. (published 1967 Nov 15), 20 (22), p. 2072, PMID:4870668 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - "WILLEM EINTHOVEN (1860-1927).", JAMA (published 1965 Feb 8), 191, pp. 494–5, 1965, PMID:14238036 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - GAMBAROGLU, K (1963), "[WILLEM EINTHOVEN (1860-1927).]", Klinicheskaia meditsina (published 1963 Sep), 41, pp. 154–6, PMID:14090830 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - WIGGERS, C J (1961), "Willem EINTHOVEN (1860-1927). Some facets of his life and work.", Circ. Res. (published 1961 Mar), 9, pp. 225–34, PMID:13785174 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - GOTTLIEB, L S (1961), "Willem EINTHOVEN, M.D., Ph.D., 1860-1927. Centenary of the father of electrocardiography.", Arch. Intern. Med. (published 1961 Mar), 107, pp. 447–9, PMID:13707441 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - GIRAUD, G (1961), "[Willem EINTHOVEN. Nobel Prize in Medicine.]", Montpellier médical (published 1961 Mar), 59, pp. 189–94, PMID:13705673 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - NYLIN, G (1954), "Willem Einthoven. Address given at the Einthoven Commemoration Festival, Leyden, December 1953.", Cardiologia, 24 (5), pp. 311–4, PMID:13182673
- Williams (1928), "WILLEM EINTHOVEN.", Science (published 1928 May 4), 67 (1740), pp. 456–458, doi:10.1126/science.67.1740.456, PMID:17837835 Check date values in:
|publication-date=(help) - Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965.
- Snellen, Herman Adrianus (1995). Willem Einthoven (1860-1927) Father of Electrocardiography, Life and Work, Ancestors and Contemporaries. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-3274-1.
- Shouldice RB, Bass G (2002). "From Bench to Bedside - Developments in Electrocardiology" (PDF). The Engineers Journal, Institution of Engineers of Ireland. 56 (4): 47–9.
External links
- The Einthoven Foundation Cardiology Information Portal Historical pictures
- Nobel prize citation
- Einthoven's triangle
- Bibliography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
- Museum Boerhaave Negen Nederlandse Nobelprijswinnaars
- A.M. Luyendijk-Elshout, Einthoven, Willem (1860-1927), in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland.
- Biography Willem Einthoven (1860-1927) at the National Library of the Netherlands
- Willem Einthoven (1860–1927): Father of electrocardiography.Moukabary, T. Cardiology Journal. 2007, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 316–317 Copyright © 2007 Via Medical ISSN 1897–559.
Template:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1901-1925