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Sudden cardiac death prognosis

2026-04-07T15:45:12Z

Prognosis of cardiac arrest in young athletes:

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:45, 7 April 2026
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	:* Women between 15-45 years old<ref name="pmid20228684">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Topjian AA, Localio AR, Berg RA, Alessandrini EA, Meaney PA, Pepe PE, Larkin GL, Peberdy MA, Becker LB, Nadkarni VM \|title=Women of child-bearing age have better inhospital cardiac arrest survival outcomes than do equal-aged men \|journal=Crit Care Med \|volume=38 \|issue=5 \|pages=1254–60 \|date=May 2010 \|pmid=20228684 \|pmc=3934212 \|doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d8ca43 \|url=}}</ref>		:* Women between 15-45 years old<ref name="pmid20228684">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Topjian AA, Localio AR, Berg RA, Alessandrini EA, Meaney PA, Pepe PE, Larkin GL, Peberdy MA, Becker LB, Nadkarni VM \|title=Women of child-bearing age have better inhospital cardiac arrest survival outcomes than do equal-aged men \|journal=Crit Care Med \|volume=38 \|issue=5 \|pages=1254–60 \|date=May 2010 \|pmid=20228684 \|pmc=3934212 \|doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d8ca43 \|url=}}</ref>
	:*Rapid intervention with a [[defibrillator]] increases [[survival rates]].<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Eisenberg MS, Mengert TJ \|title=Cardiac resuscitation \|journal=N. Engl. J. Med. \|volume=344 \|issue=17 \|pages=1304–13 \|year=2001 \|month=April \|pmid=11320390 \|doi= \|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=11320390&promo=ONFLNS19}}</ref><ref name="pmid12826637">{{cite journal \|author=Bunch TJ, White RD, Gersh BJ, ''et al'' \|title=Long-term outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after successful early defibrillation \|journal=N. Engl. J. Med. \|volume=348 \|issue=26 \|pages=2626–33 \|year=2003 \|month=June \|pmid=12826637 \|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa023053 \|url=}}</ref>		:*Rapid intervention with a [[defibrillator]] increases [[survival rates]].<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Eisenberg MS, Mengert TJ \|title=Cardiac resuscitation \|journal=N. Engl. J. Med. \|volume=344 \|issue=17 \|pages=1304–13 \|year=2001 \|month=April \|pmid=11320390 \|doi= \|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=11320390&promo=ONFLNS19}}</ref><ref name="pmid12826637">{{cite journal \|author=Bunch TJ, White RD, Gersh BJ, ''et al'' \|title=Long-term outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after successful early defibrillation \|journal=N. Engl. J. Med. \|volume=348 \|issue=26 \|pages=2626–33 \|year=2003 \|month=June \|pmid=12826637 \|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa023053 \|url=}}</ref>

			==== Prognosis of cardiac arrest in young athletes: ====

			* 58% survival rate was reported by the US Commotio Cordis Registry in 216 persons with sudden cardiac arrest due to commotio cordis (cardiac arrest due to VF triggered by blunt chest trauma) (age range, 0.2-51 years;mean,15years, 95% male) from 2006 through 2012.<ref name=":9">Maron BJ, Haas TS, Ahluwalia A, Garberich RF, Estes NA III, Link MS. Increasing survival rate from commotio cordis.HeartRhythm.2013;10(2):219-223. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.10.034</ref>
			* Prompt resuscitation and participation in organized competitive sports was associated with higher survival rates. Multivariate analysis identified participation in recreational sports with lower survival (odds ratio [OR] compared with organized competitive sports, 0.33; 95%CI,0.16-0.67) and onsite automated external defibrillator with higher survival (OR, 4.61; 95% CI, 1.43-14.88).<ref name=":9" />
			* Individuals aged 18 to 35 years with sports-related sudden cardiac arrest in Germany and France showed improved survival to hospital discharge with public automated external defibrillator use prior to EMS arrival (OR, 6.25; 95% CI, 1.48 43.20); individuals with sudden cardiac arrest who received both immediate bystander CPR and automated external defibrillator had 91%survival.<ref>Bohm P, Meyer T, Narayanan K, et al. Sports-related sudden cardiac arrest in young adults. Europace. 2023;25(2):627-633. doi:10.1093/ europace/euac172</ref>
			* A recent meta-analysis demonstrated that in sports related sudden cardiac arrest, bystander presence (OR, 2.55; 95%CI, 1.48-4.37), bystander CPR (OR, 3.84; 95% CI, 2.36-6.25), and bystander automated external defibrillator use (OR, 5.25; 95%CI,3.58-7.70) were associated with improved survival.<ref>Michelland L, Murad MH, Bougouin W, et al. Association between basic life support and survival in sports-related sudden cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(3):180-192. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac586</ref>

	==References==		==References==

Industrial and organizational psychology

2026-04-06T14:40:44Z

Self-determination theory

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	===Self-determination theory===		===Self-determination theory (SDT) ===
	[[Image:SelfDeterminationTheory.png\|right\|400px]]		[[Image:SelfDeterminationTheory.png\|right\|400px]]
	Self-determination theory was proposed in the early 1980s.<ref>Deci, Edward L., and Richard M. Ryan. "Self-determination theory: When mind mediates behavior." The Journal of Mind and Behavior (1980): 33-43. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43852807</ref> In this theory, autonomy, mastery (competence), and relatedness have been validated as components<ref>Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Daily well-being: The role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 26(4), 419-435. {{doi\|10.1177/0146167200266002}}</ref><ref>Broeck A, Vansteenkiste M, Witte H, Soenens B, Lens W. Capturing autonomy, competence, and relatedness at work: Construction and initial validation of the Work‐related Basic Need Satisfaction scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 2010 Dec 1;83(4):981-1002. {{doi\|10.1348/096317909X481382}}</ref> and contains three factors:		Self-determination theory was proposed in the early 1980s.<ref>Deci, Edward L., and Richard M. Ryan. "Self-determination theory: When mind mediates behavior." The Journal of Mind and Behavior (1980): 33-43. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43852807</ref> In this theory, autonomy, mastery (competence), and relatedness have been validated as components<ref>Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Daily well-being: The role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 26(4), 419-435. {{doi\|10.1177/0146167200266002}}</ref><ref>Broeck A, Vansteenkiste M, Witte H, Soenens B, Lens W. Capturing autonomy, competence, and relatedness at work: Construction and initial validation of the Work‐related Basic Need Satisfaction scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 2010 Dec 1;83(4):981-1002. {{doi\|10.1348/096317909X481382}}</ref> and contains three factors:
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	The SDT and Spreizter models were consolidated, with relatedness or membership included, by Ryff <ref name="pmid24281296">{{cite journal\| author=Ryff CD\| title=Psychological well-being revisited: advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. \| journal=Psychother Psychosom \| year= 2014 \| volume= 83 \| issue= 1 \| pages= 10-28 \| pmid=24281296 \| doi=10.1159/000353263 \| pmc=4241300 \| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24281296 }} </ref> and Phipps-Taylor<ref name="pmid27995705">{{cite journal\| author=Phipps-Taylor M, Shortell SM\| title=More Than Money: Motivating Physician Behavior Change in Accountable Care Organizations. \| journal=Milbank Q \| year= 2016 \| volume= 94 \| issue= 4 \| pages= 832-861 \| pmid=27995705 \| doi=10.1111/1468-0009.12230 \| pmc=5192815 \| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27995705 }} </ref>:		The SDT and Spreizter models were consolidated, with relatedness or membership included, by Ryff <ref name="pmid24281296">{{cite journal\| author=Ryff CD\| title=Psychological well-being revisited: advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. \| journal=Psychother Psychosom \| year= 2014 \| volume= 83 \| issue= 1 \| pages= 10-28 \| pmid=24281296 \| doi=10.1159/000353263 \| pmc=4241300 \| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24281296 }} </ref> and Phipps-Taylor<ref name="pmid27995705">{{cite journal\| author=Phipps-Taylor M, Shortell SM\| title=More Than Money: Motivating Physician Behavior Change in Accountable Care Organizations. \| journal=Milbank Q \| year= 2016 \| volume= 94 \| issue= 4 \| pages= 832-861 \| pmid=27995705 \| doi=10.1111/1468-0009.12230 \| pmc=5192815 \| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27995705 }} </ref>:
	* Ryff's six-factor model in 1989<ref name="Ryff1989">{{Citation \| vauthors=((Ryff, C. D.)) \| year=1989 \| title=Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. \| publisher=American Psychological Association (APA) \| url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069}}</ref> of 1) 'autonomy', 2) 'environmental mastery', 3) 'purpose in life', 4) 'positive relationships', and the addition of 'personal growth' and 'self-acceptance'. Interestingly, the addition of personal growth presaged ~~Spreitser~~'s inclusion of personal growth in her subsequent model of thriving later in 2011.		* Ryff's six-factor model in 1989<ref name="Ryff1989">{{Citation \| vauthors=((Ryff, C. D.)) \| year=1989 \| title=Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. \| publisher=American Psychological Association (APA) \| url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069}}</ref> of 1) 'autonomy', 2) 'environmental mastery', 3) 'purpose in life', 4) 'positive relationships', and the addition of 'personal growth' and 'self-acceptance'. Interestingly, the addition of personal growth presaged Spreitzer's inclusion of personal growth in her subsequent model of thriving later in 2011.

	SDT and JDR have been integrated<ref name="pmid27783240">{{cite journal\| author=Dreison KC, White DA, Bauer SM, Salyers MP, McGuire AB\| title=Integrating Self-Determination and Job Demands-Resources Theory in Predicting Mental Health Provider Burnout. \| journal=Adm Policy Ment Health \| year= 2018 \| volume= 45 \| issue= 1 \| pages= 121-130 \| pmid=27783240 \| doi=10.1007/s10488-016-0772-z \| pmc= \| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27783240 }} </ref>.		SDT and JDR have been integrated<ref name="pmid27783240">{{cite journal\| author=Dreison KC, White DA, Bauer SM, Salyers MP, McGuire AB\| title=Integrating Self-Determination and Job Demands-Resources Theory in Predicting Mental Health Provider Burnout. \| journal=Adm Policy Ment Health \| year= 2018 \| volume= 45 \| issue= 1 \| pages= 121-130 \| pmid=27783240 \| doi=10.1007/s10488-016-0772-z \| pmc= \| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27783240 }} </ref>.

Sudden cardiac death prognosis

2026-04-05T12:42:38Z

Prognosis of Sudden Cardiac Death

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:42, 5 April 2026
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	==Prognosis of Sudden Cardiac ~~Death~~==		==Prognosis of Sudden Cardiac Arrest Survivors==
	*Prognosis of in-hospital cardiac arrest is generally better than out-of-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] and the 1-year survival rate of patients who survived to hospital discharge was approximately 25% in the GWTG-R registry.<ref name="ViraniAlonso2020">{{cite journal\|last1=Virani\|first1=Salim S.\|last2=Alonso\|first2=Alvaro\|last3=Benjamin\|first3=Emelia J.\|last4=Bittencourt\|first4=Marcio S.\|last5=Callaway\|first5=Clifton W.\|last6=Carson\|first6=April P.\|last7=Chamberlain\|first7=Alanna M.\|last8=Chang\|first8=Alexander R.\|last9=Cheng\|first9=Susan\|last10=Delling\|first10=Francesca N.\|last11=Djousse\|first11=Luc\|last12=Elkind\|first12=Mitchell S.V.\|last13=Ferguson\|first13=Jane F.\|last14=Fornage\|first14=Myriam\|last15=Khan\|first15=Sadiya S.\|last16=Kissela\|first16=Brett M.\|last17=Knutson\|first17=Kristen L.\|last18=Kwan\|first18=Tak W.\|last19=Lackland\|first19=Daniel T.\|last20=Lewis\|first20=Tené T.\|last21=Lichtman\|first21=Judith H.\|last22=Longenecker\|first22=Chris T.\|last23=Loop\|first23=Matthew Shane\|last24=Lutsey\|first24=Pamela L.\|last25=Martin\|first25=Seth S.\|last26=Matsushita\|first26=Kunihiro\|last27=Moran\|first27=Andrew E.\|last28=Mussolino\|first28=Michael E.\|last29=Perak\|first29=Amanda Marma\|last30=Rosamond\|first30=Wayne D.\|last31=Roth\|first31=Gregory A.\|last32=Sampson\|first32=Uchechukwu K.A.\|last33=Satou\|first33=Gary M.\|last34=Schroeder\|first34=Emily B.\|last35=Shah\|first35=Svati H.\|last36=Shay\|first36=Christina M.\|last37=Spartano\|first37=Nicole L.\|last38=Stokes\|first38=Andrew\|last39=Tirschwell\|first39=David L.\|last40=VanWagner\|first40=Lisa B.\|last41=Tsao\|first41=Connie W.\|title=Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association\|journal=Circulation\|volume=141\|issue=9\|year=2020\|issn=0009-7322\|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757}}</ref>.Survival after out of hospital cardiac arrest and in hospital cardiac arrest has continued to improve over time according to the guideline.		*Prognosis of in-hospital cardiac arrest is generally better than out-of-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] and the 1-year survival rate of patients who survived to hospital discharge was approximately 25% in the GWTG-R registry.<ref name="ViraniAlonso2020">{{cite journal\|last1=Virani\|first1=Salim S.\|last2=Alonso\|first2=Alvaro\|last3=Benjamin\|first3=Emelia J.\|last4=Bittencourt\|first4=Marcio S.\|last5=Callaway\|first5=Clifton W.\|last6=Carson\|first6=April P.\|last7=Chamberlain\|first7=Alanna M.\|last8=Chang\|first8=Alexander R.\|last9=Cheng\|first9=Susan\|last10=Delling\|first10=Francesca N.\|last11=Djousse\|first11=Luc\|last12=Elkind\|first12=Mitchell S.V.\|last13=Ferguson\|first13=Jane F.\|last14=Fornage\|first14=Myriam\|last15=Khan\|first15=Sadiya S.\|last16=Kissela\|first16=Brett M.\|last17=Knutson\|first17=Kristen L.\|last18=Kwan\|first18=Tak W.\|last19=Lackland\|first19=Daniel T.\|last20=Lewis\|first20=Tené T.\|last21=Lichtman\|first21=Judith H.\|last22=Longenecker\|first22=Chris T.\|last23=Loop\|first23=Matthew Shane\|last24=Lutsey\|first24=Pamela L.\|last25=Martin\|first25=Seth S.\|last26=Matsushita\|first26=Kunihiro\|last27=Moran\|first27=Andrew E.\|last28=Mussolino\|first28=Michael E.\|last29=Perak\|first29=Amanda Marma\|last30=Rosamond\|first30=Wayne D.\|last31=Roth\|first31=Gregory A.\|last32=Sampson\|first32=Uchechukwu K.A.\|last33=Satou\|first33=Gary M.\|last34=Schroeder\|first34=Emily B.\|last35=Shah\|first35=Svati H.\|last36=Shay\|first36=Christina M.\|last37=Spartano\|first37=Nicole L.\|last38=Stokes\|first38=Andrew\|last39=Tirschwell\|first39=David L.\|last40=VanWagner\|first40=Lisa B.\|last41=Tsao\|first41=Connie W.\|title=Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association\|journal=Circulation\|volume=141\|issue=9\|year=2020\|issn=0009-7322\|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757}}</ref>.Survival after out of hospital cardiac arrest and in hospital cardiac arrest has continued to improve over time according to the guideline.
	*60% to 78% of young adults hospitalized after resuscitation from sudden cardiac arrest do not survive to hospital discharge.<ref>Deasy C, Bray JE, Smith K, Harriss LR, Bernard SA, Cameron P. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in young adults in Melbourne,Australia. Resuscitation. 2011;82(7):830-834. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011. 03.008</ref>,<ref name=":2" />,<ref>Fovaeus H, Holmen J, Mandalenakis Z, Herlitz J, Rawshani A, Castellheim AG.Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: survival in children and young adults over 30 years,a nationwide registry-based cohort study. Resuscitation. 2024;195:110103. doi:10.1016/ j.resuscitation.2023.110103</ref> This in-hospital mortality rate is similar to that of older adults who were resuscitated to hospitalization (≈65%).<ref>Ricceri S, Salazar JW, Vu AA, Vittinghoff E, Moffatt E, Tseng ZH. Factors predisposing to survival after resuscitation for sudden cardiac arrest. J AmColl Cardiol. 2021;77(19):2353-2362. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.03.299</ref>		*60% to 78% of young adults hospitalized after resuscitation from sudden cardiac arrest do not survive to hospital discharge.<ref>Deasy C, Bray JE, Smith K, Harriss LR, Bernard SA, Cameron P. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in young adults in Melbourne,Australia. Resuscitation. 2011;82(7):830-834. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011. 03.008</ref>,<ref name=":2" />,<ref>Fovaeus H, Holmen J, Mandalenakis Z, Herlitz J, Rawshani A, Castellheim AG.Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: survival in children and young adults over 30 years,a nationwide registry-based cohort study. Resuscitation. 2024;195:110103. doi:10.1016/ j.resuscitation.2023.110103</ref> This in-hospital mortality rate is similar to that of older adults who were resuscitated to hospitalization (≈65%).<ref>Ricceri S, Salazar JW, Vu AA, Vittinghoff E, Moffatt E, Tseng ZH. Factors predisposing to survival after resuscitation for sudden cardiac arrest. J AmColl Cardiol. 2021;77(19):2353-2362. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.03.299</ref>
			*The 10-year survival rate of sudden cardiac arrest survivors aged 40 years or younger was 90% in an Australian registry.<ref>Andrew E, Nehme Z, Wolfe R, Bernard S, Smith K. Long-term survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Heart. 2017;103(14):1104-1110. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310485</ref>The rate of recurrent arrest (both out of and in the hospital) or death in survivors aged 18 to 39 years in a Swedish registry was approximately 15% a year after the out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.<ref>Hellsén G, Rawshani A, Skoglund K, et al. Predicting recurrent cardiac arrest in individuals surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2023;184:109678. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022. 109678</ref>

			One-year overall mortality of subcutaneous ICD recipients aged 15 to 34 years was 4.3% in one cohort,90 whereas the VT or VF recurrence rate estimated by subcutaneous ICD recording in secondary prevention recipients (age not reported) in a separate study was 9.9% at 1year and15.8% at 3years.<ref>Boersma LV, Barr CS, Burke MC ,et al; EFFORTLESS and IDE Study Investigators. Performance of the subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with a primary prevention indication with and without a reduced ejection fraction versus patients with a secondary prevention indication. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14(3): 367-375. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.11.025</ref>
	*<i><u>Factors associated poor [[prognosis]] after in-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] include</u></i>:<ref name="Chan2012">{{cite journal\|last1=Chan\|first1=Paul S.\|title=A Validated Prediction Tool for Initial Survivors of In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest\|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine\|volume=172\|issue=12\|year=2012\|pages=947\|issn=0003-9926\|doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2050}}</ref><ref name="pmid21596693">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Ebell MH, Afonso AM \|title=Pre-arrest predictors of failure to survive after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a meta-analysis \|journal=Fam Pract \|volume=28 \|issue=5 \|pages=505–15 \|date=October 2011 \|pmid=21596693 \|doi=10.1093/fampra/cmr023 \|url=}}</ref>		*<i><u>Factors associated poor [[prognosis]] after in-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] include</u></i>:<ref name="Chan2012">{{cite journal\|last1=Chan\|first1=Paul S.\|title=A Validated Prediction Tool for Initial Survivors of In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest\|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine\|volume=172\|issue=12\|year=2012\|pages=947\|issn=0003-9926\|doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2050}}</ref><ref name="pmid21596693">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Ebell MH, Afonso AM \|title=Pre-arrest predictors of failure to survive after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a meta-analysis \|journal=Fam Pract \|volume=28 \|issue=5 \|pages=505–15 \|date=October 2011 \|pmid=21596693 \|doi=10.1093/fampra/cmr023 \|url=}}</ref>
	:*Age > 70 years old		:*Age > 70 years old

Sudden cardiac death post arrest care and prevention

2026-04-05T12:33:04Z

2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrythymias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death [2]

Show changes

Sudden cardiac death prognosis

2026-04-04T14:11:53Z

Prognosis of Sudden Cardiac Death

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:11, 4 April 2026
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	* [[Prognosis]] of in-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] is generally better than out-of- hospital [[cardiac arrest]] and the 1-year survival rate of patients who survived to [[hospital]] discharge was approximately 25% in the GWTG-R registry.		* [[Prognosis]] of in-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] is generally better than out-of- hospital [[cardiac arrest]] and the 1-year survival rate of patients who survived to [[hospital]] discharge was approximately 25% in the GWTG-R registry.
	* A retrospective cohort study from the CARES registry reported 101968 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the US between 2006 and 2013, approximately 6% of the incidents occurred among individuals between 20 through 39 years; survival rate to hospital discharge ranged from 11%(30-39years) to 16%(20-24years).<ref name=":0">Andersen LW, Bivens MJ,Giberson T,et al. The relationship between age and outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation. 2015;94:49-54. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.05. 015</ref> Approximately 85% to 95% of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors were discharged with good neurological outcome, as defined by a Cerebral Performance Categories scale of 1 or 2.<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">Gustafsson L, Rawshani A,Råmunddal T, et al. Characteristics, survival and neurological outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in young adults in Sweden:a nationwide study. Resusc Plus. 2023;16:100503.doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2023.100503</ref>		* A retrospective cohort study from the CARES registry reported 101968 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the US between 2006 and 2013, approximately 6% of the incidents occurred among individuals between 20 through 39 years; survival rate to hospital discharge ranged from 11%(30-39years) to 16%(20-24years).<ref name=":0">Andersen LW, Bivens MJ,Giberson T,et al. The relationship between age and outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation. 2015;94:49-54. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.05. 015</ref> Approximately 85% to 95% of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors were discharged with good neurological outcome, as defined by a Cerebral Performance Categories scale of 1 or 2.<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">Gustafsson L, Rawshani A,Råmunddal T, et al. Characteristics, survival and neurological outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in young adults in Sweden:a nationwide study. Resusc Plus. 2023;16:100503.doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2023.100503</ref>
	* The overall survival rate of young adults experiencing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was 9% in a US study from 2005 through 2007 involving 665 persons aged 20 through 39 years, and increased to 34.8% for those with bystander-witnessed VT or VF who were more likely to receive prompt initial cardiopulmonary resus citation (CPR) or automated external defibrillator use.<ref>Rea TD, Cook AJ, Stiell IG, et al; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Predicting survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: role of the Utstein data elements. AnnEmergMed.2010; 55(3):249-257. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009. 09.018</ref>		* The overall survival rate of young adults experiencing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was 9% in a US study from 2005 through 2007 involving 665 persons aged 20 through 39 years, and increased to 34.8% for those with bystander-witnessed VT or VF who were more likely to receive prompt initial cardiopulmonary resus citation (CPR) or automated external defibrillator use.<ref name=":2">Rea TD, Cook AJ, Stiell IG, et al; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Predicting survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: role of the Utstein data elements. AnnEmergMed.2010; 55(3):249-257. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009. 09.018</ref>
	* In an Australian registry conducted between 2000 and 2009 involving 3912 patients with ages between 16 and 39 years with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,the survival rate was 8.8%.<ref name=":1" />		* In an Australian registry conducted between 2000 and 2009 involving 3912 patients with ages between 16 and 39 years with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,the survival rate was 8.8%.<ref name=":1" />

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	==Prognosis of Sudden Cardiac Death==		==Prognosis of Sudden Cardiac Death==
	*Prognosis of in-hospital cardiac arrest is generally better than out-of-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] and the 1-year survival rate of patients who survived to hospital discharge was approximately 25% in the GWTG-R registry.<ref name="ViraniAlonso2020">{{cite journal\|last1=Virani\|first1=Salim S.\|last2=Alonso\|first2=Alvaro\|last3=Benjamin\|first3=Emelia J.\|last4=Bittencourt\|first4=Marcio S.\|last5=Callaway\|first5=Clifton W.\|last6=Carson\|first6=April P.\|last7=Chamberlain\|first7=Alanna M.\|last8=Chang\|first8=Alexander R.\|last9=Cheng\|first9=Susan\|last10=Delling\|first10=Francesca N.\|last11=Djousse\|first11=Luc\|last12=Elkind\|first12=Mitchell S.V.\|last13=Ferguson\|first13=Jane F.\|last14=Fornage\|first14=Myriam\|last15=Khan\|first15=Sadiya S.\|last16=Kissela\|first16=Brett M.\|last17=Knutson\|first17=Kristen L.\|last18=Kwan\|first18=Tak W.\|last19=Lackland\|first19=Daniel T.\|last20=Lewis\|first20=Tené T.\|last21=Lichtman\|first21=Judith H.\|last22=Longenecker\|first22=Chris T.\|last23=Loop\|first23=Matthew Shane\|last24=Lutsey\|first24=Pamela L.\|last25=Martin\|first25=Seth S.\|last26=Matsushita\|first26=Kunihiro\|last27=Moran\|first27=Andrew E.\|last28=Mussolino\|first28=Michael E.\|last29=Perak\|first29=Amanda Marma\|last30=Rosamond\|first30=Wayne D.\|last31=Roth\|first31=Gregory A.\|last32=Sampson\|first32=Uchechukwu K.A.\|last33=Satou\|first33=Gary M.\|last34=Schroeder\|first34=Emily B.\|last35=Shah\|first35=Svati H.\|last36=Shay\|first36=Christina M.\|last37=Spartano\|first37=Nicole L.\|last38=Stokes\|first38=Andrew\|last39=Tirschwell\|first39=David L.\|last40=VanWagner\|first40=Lisa B.\|last41=Tsao\|first41=Connie W.\|title=Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association\|journal=Circulation\|volume=141\|issue=9\|year=2020\|issn=0009-7322\|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757}}</ref>.Survival after out of hospital cardiac arrest and in hospital cardiac arrest has continued to improve over time according to the guideline.		*Prognosis of in-hospital cardiac arrest is generally better than out-of-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] and the 1-year survival rate of patients who survived to hospital discharge was approximately 25% in the GWTG-R registry.<ref name="ViraniAlonso2020">{{cite journal\|last1=Virani\|first1=Salim S.\|last2=Alonso\|first2=Alvaro\|last3=Benjamin\|first3=Emelia J.\|last4=Bittencourt\|first4=Marcio S.\|last5=Callaway\|first5=Clifton W.\|last6=Carson\|first6=April P.\|last7=Chamberlain\|first7=Alanna M.\|last8=Chang\|first8=Alexander R.\|last9=Cheng\|first9=Susan\|last10=Delling\|first10=Francesca N.\|last11=Djousse\|first11=Luc\|last12=Elkind\|first12=Mitchell S.V.\|last13=Ferguson\|first13=Jane F.\|last14=Fornage\|first14=Myriam\|last15=Khan\|first15=Sadiya S.\|last16=Kissela\|first16=Brett M.\|last17=Knutson\|first17=Kristen L.\|last18=Kwan\|first18=Tak W.\|last19=Lackland\|first19=Daniel T.\|last20=Lewis\|first20=Tené T.\|last21=Lichtman\|first21=Judith H.\|last22=Longenecker\|first22=Chris T.\|last23=Loop\|first23=Matthew Shane\|last24=Lutsey\|first24=Pamela L.\|last25=Martin\|first25=Seth S.\|last26=Matsushita\|first26=Kunihiro\|last27=Moran\|first27=Andrew E.\|last28=Mussolino\|first28=Michael E.\|last29=Perak\|first29=Amanda Marma\|last30=Rosamond\|first30=Wayne D.\|last31=Roth\|first31=Gregory A.\|last32=Sampson\|first32=Uchechukwu K.A.\|last33=Satou\|first33=Gary M.\|last34=Schroeder\|first34=Emily B.\|last35=Shah\|first35=Svati H.\|last36=Shay\|first36=Christina M.\|last37=Spartano\|first37=Nicole L.\|last38=Stokes\|first38=Andrew\|last39=Tirschwell\|first39=David L.\|last40=VanWagner\|first40=Lisa B.\|last41=Tsao\|first41=Connie W.\|title=Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association\|journal=Circulation\|volume=141\|issue=9\|year=2020\|issn=0009-7322\|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757}}</ref>.Survival after out of hospital cardiac arrest and in hospital cardiac arrest has continued to improve over time according to the guideline.
			*60% to 78% of young adults hospitalized after resuscitation from sudden cardiac arrest do not survive to hospital discharge.<ref>Deasy C, Bray JE, Smith K, Harriss LR, Bernard SA, Cameron P. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in young adults in Melbourne,Australia. Resuscitation. 2011;82(7):830-834. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011. 03.008</ref>,<ref name=":2" />,<ref>Fovaeus H, Holmen J, Mandalenakis Z, Herlitz J, Rawshani A, Castellheim AG.Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: survival in children and young adults over 30 years,a nationwide registry-based cohort study. Resuscitation. 2024;195:110103. doi:10.1016/ j.resuscitation.2023.110103</ref> This in-hospital mortality rate is similar to that of older adults who were resuscitated to hospitalization (≈65%).<ref>Ricceri S, Salazar JW, Vu AA, Vittinghoff E, Moffatt E, Tseng ZH. Factors predisposing to survival after resuscitation for sudden cardiac arrest. J AmColl Cardiol. 2021;77(19):2353-2362. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.03.299</ref>

Pulmonary embolism treatment approach

2026-04-02T17:34:24Z

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