wikidoc - Changes related to "Category:Up-To-Date" [en]

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia medical therapy

2026-03-29T23:42:06Z

Flowchart:

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 *Maintenance treatment
 *Follow-up therapy
 ==Induction chemotherapy==

Chronic diarrhea causes

2026-03-12T12:01:49Z

Common causes

Show changes

Chronic diarrhea risk factors

2026-03-12T11:28:55Z

Summary of Common Causes of Chronic Diarrhea and the associated Risk Factors[3]

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:28, 12 March 2026
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	**[[Parenteral nutrition]]		**[[Parenteral nutrition]]

	== Summary of Common Causes of Chronic Diarrhea and the associated Risk Factors ==		== Summary of Common Causes of Chronic Diarrhea and the associated Risk Factors<ref name="pmid41770539">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Singh P, Lee A, Sheth NM, Chey WD \|title=Chronic, Noninfectious Diarrhea: A Review \|journal=JAMA \|volume= \|issue= \|pages= \|date=March 2026 \|pmid=41770539 \|doi=10.1001/jama.2026.0872 \|url=}}</ref> ==
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
			\|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
	\|'''Condition'''		\|'''Condition'''
	\|'''Worldwide prevalence'''		\|'''Worldwide prevalence'''
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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Functional diarrhea'''		\|'''Functional diarrhea'''
	\|4.7% 6		\|4.7% <ref name="pmid31917991">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Palsson OS, Whitehead W, Törnblom H, Sperber AD, Simren M \|title=Prevalence of Rome IV Functional Bowel Disorders Among Adults in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom \|journal=Gastroenterology \|volume=158 \|issue=5 \|pages=1262–1273.e3 \|date=April 2020 \|pmid=31917991 \|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.021 \|url=}}</ref>
	\|NA		\|NA
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''IBS-D'''		\|'''Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D)'''
	\|1.2% 7		\|1.2% <ref name="pmid32294476">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Sperber AD, Bangdiwala SI, Drossman DA, Ghoshal UC, Simren M, Tack J, Whitehead WE, Dumitrascu DL, Fang X, Fukudo S, Kellow J, Okeke E, Quigley EM, Schmulson M, Whorwell P, Archampong T, Adibi P, Andresen V, Benninga MA, Bonaz B, Bor S, Fernandez LB, Choi SC, Corazziari ES, Francisconi C, Hani A, Lazebnik L, Lee YY, Mulak A, Rahman MM, Santos J, Setshedi M, Syam AF, Vanner S, Wong RK, Lopez-Colombo A, Costa V, Dickman R, Kanazawa M, Keshteli AH, Khatun R, Maleki I, Poitras P, Pratap N, Stefanyuk O, Thomson S, Zeevenhooven J, Palsson OS \|title=Worldwide Prevalence and Burden of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Results of Rome Foundation Global Study \|journal=Gastroenterology \|volume=160 \|issue=1 \|pages=99–114.e3 \|date=January 2021 \|pmid=32294476 \|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2020.04.014 \|url=}}</ref>
	\|		\|
	* Female sex .8		* Female sex. <ref name="pmid26818616">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Sperber AD, Dumitrascu D, Fukudo S, Gerson C, Ghoshal UC, Gwee KA, Hungin AP, Kang JY, Minhu C, Schmulson M, Bolotin A, Friger M, Freud T, Whitehead W \|title=The global prevalence of IBS in adults remains elusive due to the heterogeneity of studies: a Rome Foundation working team literature review \|journal=Gut \|volume=66 \|issue=6 \|pages=1075–1082 \|date=June 2017 \|pmid=26818616 \|doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2015-311240 \|url=}}</ref>
	* Depression (incidence of IBS 2.0 per 1000 person-years )9		* Depression (incidence of IBS 2.0 per 1000 person-years )<ref name="pmid">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Wang W, Wang M, Peng H, Huang J, Wu T \|title=Association of major depressive disorder and increased risk of irritable bowel syndrome: A population-based cohort study and a two-sample Mendelian randomization study in the UK biobank \|journal=J Affect Disord \|volume=345 \|issue= \|pages=419–426 \|date=January 2024 \|pmid= \|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.111 \|url=}}</ref>
	* Acute gastroenteritis .10		* Acute gastroenteritis .<ref name="pmid30171215">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Rahman MM, Ghoshal UC, Sultana S, Kibria MG, Sultana N, Khan ZA, Ahmed F, Hasan M, Ahmed T, Sarker SA \|title=Long-Term Gastrointestinal Consequences are Frequent Following Sporadic Acute Infectious Diarrhea in a Tropical Country: A Prospective Cohort Study \|journal=Am J Gastroenterol \|volume=113 \|issue=9 \|pages=1363–1375 \|date=September 2018 \|pmid=30171215 \|doi=10.1038/s41395-018-0208-3 \|url=}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Disaccharidase deficiency'''		\|'''Disaccharidase deficiency'''
	\|Prevalence ~~estimate11~~,12 for loss of lactase enzyme activity is 60% globally in the adult population		\|Prevalence estimate <ref name="pmid14616060">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Swallow DM \|title=Genetics of lactase persistence and lactose intolerance \|journal=Annu Rev Genet \|volume=37 \|issue= \|pages=197–219 \|date=2003 \|pmid=14616060 \|doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.37.110801.143820 \|url=}}</ref>,<ref name="pmid3140651">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Scrimshaw NS, Murray EB \|title=The acceptability of milk and milk products in populations with a high prevalence of lactose intolerance \|journal=Am J Clin Nutr \|volume=48 \|issue=4 Suppl \|pages=1079–159 \|date=October 1988 \|pmid=3140651 \|doi=10.1093/ajcn/48.4.1142 \|url=}}</ref> for loss of lactase enzyme activity is 60% globally in the adult population
	\|Loss of lactase enzyme activity is associated with certain racial and ethnic populations .11,12		\|
			* Loss of lactase enzyme activity is associated with certain racial and ethnic populations. <ref name="pmid14616060">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Swallow DM \|title=Genetics of lactase persistence and lactose intolerance \|journal=Annu Rev Genet \|volume=37 \|issue= \|pages=197–219 \|date=2003 \|pmid=14616060 \|doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.37.110801.143820 \|url=}}</ref>,<ref name="pmid3140651">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Scrimshaw NS, Murray EB \|title=The acceptability of milk and milk products in populations with a high prevalence of lactose intolerance \|journal=Am J Clin Nutr \|volume=48 \|issue=4 Suppl \|pages=1079–159 \|date=October 1988 \|pmid=3140651 \|doi=10.1093/ajcn/48.4.1142 \|url=}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Microscopic colitis'''		\|'''Microscopic colitis'''
	\|Approximately 197.9 to 246.2 per 100,000 persons.13,14		\|Approximately 197.9 to 246.2 per 100,000 persons.<ref name="pmid34216819">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Tome J, Sehgal K, Kamboj AK, Harmsen WS, Kammer PP, Loftus EV, Tremaine WJ, Khanna S, Pardi DS \|title=The Epidemiology of Microscopic Colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota: Population-Based Study From 2011 to 2019 \|journal=Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol \|volume=20 \|issue=5 \|pages=1085–1094 \|date=May 2022 \|pmid=34216819 \|pmc=8716639 \|doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2021.06.027 \|url=}}</ref>,<ref name="pmid32502240">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Weimers P, Ankersen DV, Lophaven S, Bonderup OK, Münch A, Løkkegaard EC, Burisch J, Munkholm P \|title=Incidence and Prevalence of Microscopic Colitis Between 2001 and 2016: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study \|journal=J Crohns Colitis \|volume=14 \|issue=12 \|pages=1717–1723 \|date=December 2020 \|pmid=32502240 \|doi=10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa108 \|url=}}</ref>
	\|		\|
	* Female sex (incidence was 11.0 per 100,000 person-years in female individuals vs 6.1 per 100,000 person-years in male individuals)15		* Female sex (incidence was 11.0 per 100,000 person-years in female individuals vs 6.1 per 100,000 person-years in male individuals).<ref name="pmid17135309">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Pardi DS, Loftus EV, Smyrk TC, Kammer PP, Tremaine WJ, Schleck CD, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ, Sandborn WJ \|title=The epidemiology of microscopic colitis: a population based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota \|journal=Gut \|volume=56 \|issue=4 \|pages=504–8 \|date=April 2007 \|pmid=17135309 \|pmc=1856874 \|doi=10.1136/gut.2006.105890 \|url=}}</ref>
	* Increasing age (incidence was ≈3 per 100,000 person-years in ages 18-44.9 y; ≈11 per 100,000 person-years in ages 45-65 y; and ≈35 per 100,000 person-years in ages >65 y)16		* Increasing age (incidence was ≈3 per 100,000 person-years in ages 18-44.9 y; ≈11 per 100,000 person-years in ages 45-65 y; and ≈35 per 100,000 person-years in ages >65 y).<ref name="pmid18166476">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Williams JJ, Kaplan GG, Makhija S, Urbanski SJ, Dupre M, Panaccione R, Beck PL \|title=Microscopic colitis-defining incidence rates and risk factors: a population-based study \|journal=Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol \|volume=6 \|issue=1 \|pages=35–40 \|date=January 2008 \|pmid=18166476 \|doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2007.10.031 \|url=}}</ref>
	* Autoimmune diseases (celiac disease; incidence in individuals with vs without celiac disease was 86.1 vs 7.5 per 100,000 person-years)17		* Autoimmune diseases (celiac disease; incidence in individuals with vs without celiac disease was 86.1 vs 7.5 per 100,000 person-years).<ref name="pmid36939488">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Bergman D, Khalili H, Lebwohl B, Roelstraete B, Green PH, Ludvigsson JF \|title=Celiac disease and risk of microscopic colitis: A nationwide population-based matched cohort study \|journal=United European Gastroenterol J \|volume=11 \|issue=2 \|pages=189–201 \|date=March 2023 \|pmid=36939488 \|pmc=10039793 \|doi=10.1002/ueg2.12374 \|url=}}</ref>
	* Medications (prevalence of microscopic colitis vs no microscopic colitis in individuals taking aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was 54% vs 29%)18		* Medications (prevalence of microscopic colitis vs no microscopic colitis in individuals taking aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was 54% vs 29%).<ref name="pmid24717227">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Sikkens EC, Cahen DL, de Wit J, Looman CW, van Eijck C, Bruno MJ \|title=A prospective assessment of the natural course of the exocrine pancreatic function in patients with a pancreatic head tumor \|journal=J Clin Gastroenterol \|volume=48 \|issue=5 \|pages=e43–6 \|date=2014 \|pmid=24717227 \|doi=10.1097/MCG.0b013e31829f56e7 \|url=}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Celiac disease'''		\|'''Celiac disease'''
	\|1.4%19 based on positive celiac serologies		\|1.4%<ref name="pmid29551598">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Singh P, Arora A, Strand TA, Leffler DA, Catassi C, Green PH, Kelly CP, Ahuja V, Makharia GK \|title=Global Prevalence of Celiac Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis \|journal=Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol \|volume=16 \|issue=6 \|pages=823–836.e2 \|date=June 2018 \|pmid=29551598 \|doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2017.06.037 \|url=}}</ref> based on positive celiac serologies

	0.7% with biopsy-proven celiac disease (N = 138,792; meta-analysis of 57 population-based studies worldwide)		0.7% with biopsy-proven celiac disease (N = 138,792; meta-analysis of 57 population-based studies worldwide)
	\|		\|
	* First-degree relative with celiac disease (pooled prevalence of 7.5% )20		* First-degree relative with celiac disease (pooled prevalence of 7.5% ).<ref name="pmid26416192">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Singh P, Arora S, Lal S, Strand TA, Makharia GK \|title=Risk of Celiac Disease in the First- and Second-Degree Relatives of Patients With Celiac Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis \|journal=Am J Gastroenterol \|volume=110 \|issue=11 \|pages=1539–48 \|date=November 2015 \|pmid=26416192 \|doi=10.1038/ajg.2015.296 \|url=}}</ref>
	* Type 1 diabetes (prevalence of 6% )21		* Type 1 diabetes (prevalence of 6% ).<ref name="pmid26416192">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Singh P, Arora S, Lal S, Strand TA, Makharia GK \|title=Risk of Celiac Disease in the First- and Second-Degree Relatives of Patients With Celiac Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis \|journal=Am J Gastroenterol \|volume=110 \|issue=11 \|pages=1539–48 \|date=November 2015 \|pmid=26416192 \|doi=10.1038/ajg.2015.296 \|url=}}</ref>
	* Autoimmune thyroid disease (prevalence of 1.6%)22		* Autoimmune thyroid disease (prevalence of 1.6%).<ref name="pmid27256300">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Roy A, Laszkowska M, Sundström J, Lebwohl B, Green PH, Kämpe O, Ludvigsson JF \|title=Prevalence of Celiac Disease in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: A Meta-Analysis \|journal=Thyroid \|volume=26 \|issue=7 \|pages=880–90 \|date=July 2016 \|pmid=27256300 \|doi=10.1089/thy.2016.0108 \|url=}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''EPI'''		\|'''Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI)'''
	\|Unknown		\|Unknown
	\|Chronic pancreatitis (60%-90% have EPI),23 cystic fibrosis (80%-90% have EPI),24 and pancreatic carcinoma (70%-90% have EPI)18		\|
			* Chronic pancreatitis (60%-90% have EPI) <ref name="pmid29221631">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Machicado JD, Chari ST, Timmons L, Tang G, Yadav D \|title=A population-based evaluation of the natural history of chronic pancreatitis \|journal=Pancreatology \|volume=18 \|issue=1 \|pages=39–45 \|date=January 2018 \|pmid=29221631 \|pmc=5794616 \|doi=10.1016/j.pan.2017.11.012 \|url=}}</ref>, cystic fibrosis (80%-90% have EPI),<ref name="pmid24560182">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Haupt ME, Kwasny MJ, Schechter MS, McColley SA \|title=Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy dosing and nutritional outcomes in children with cystic fibrosis \|journal=J Pediatr \|volume=164 \|issue=5 \|pages=1110–1115.e1 \|date=May 2014 \|pmid=24560182 \|doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.01.022 \|url=}}</ref> and pancreatic carcinoma (70%-90% have EPI)<ref name="pmid24717227" />
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''SIBO'''		\|'''Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)'''
	\|Unknown		\|Unknown
	\|		\|
	* Abnormal small bowel contractile activity (31% of patients with IBS have evidence of SIBO)25		* Abnormal small bowel contractile activity (31% of patients with IBS have evidence of SIBO).<ref name="pmid19602448">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Ford AC, Spiegel BM, Talley NJ, Moayyedi P \|title=Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis \|journal=Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol \|volume=7 \|issue=12 \|pages=1279–86 \|date=December 2009 \|pmid=19602448 \|doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2009.06.031 \|url=}}</ref>
	* Other risk factors include hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria, EPI, small intestinal strictures, or resection of the ileocecal valve		* Other risk factors include hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria, EPI, small intestinal strictures, or resection of the ileocecal valve
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''BAD'''		\|'''Bile acid Diarrhea (BAD)'''
	\|Approximately 1% of the general population		\|Approximately 1% of the general population.
	\|		\|
	* Terminal ileal disease (28% of patients with Crohn disease, 90% with prior ileal resection)26		* Terminal ileal disease (28% of patients with Crohn disease, 90% with prior ileal resection).<ref name="pmid8307458">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Nyhlin H, Merrick MV, Eastwood MA \|title=Bile acid malabsorption in Crohn's disease and indications for its assessment using SeHCAT \|journal=Gut \|volume=35 \|issue=1 \|pages=90–3 \|date=January 1994 \|pmid=8307458 \|pmc=1374639 \|doi=10.1136/gut.35.1.90 \|url=}}</ref>
	* Other risk factors (eg, dysregulated bile acid synthesis, impaired bile storage) have more limited data		* Other risk factors (eg, dysregulated bile acid synthesis, impaired bile storage) have more limited data
	\|}		\|}


	==References==		==References==