wikidoc - Changes related to "Category:CS1 errors: PMID" [en]

Chronic stable angina overview

2026-04-25T15:44:25Z

Treatment

Cardiomyopathy overview

2026-04-25T14:08:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:08, 25 April 2026
(15 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
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	__NOTOC__		__NOTOC__
	{{Cardiomyopathy}}		{{Cardiomyopathy}}
	{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{EdzelCo}}		{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{EdzelCo}} {{MSD}}

	==Overview==		==Overview==
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	==Treatment==		==Treatment==
	===Medical Therapy===		===Medical Therapy===
	Treatment ~~depends~~ on the ~~type~~ of cardiomyopathy, ~~but may include medication~~, ~~implanted [[artificial pacemaker\|pacemakers]]~~, ~~[[Implantable cardioverter~~-~~defibrillator~~\|~~defribillators]]~~, ~~or [[ventricular assist device]]s (LVADs)~~, ~~or [[ablation]]~~. ~~The goal of treatment is often~~ symptom relief, and ~~some~~ patients ~~may eventually require a [[~~heart transplant]]. ~~Treatment~~ of ~~cardiomyopathy (~~and ~~other heart diseases) using alternative methods such as [[stem cell therapy]] is commercially available but is not supported by convincing evidence~~.		Treatment is phenotype-directed and includes guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) for heart failure syndromes and targeted therapy for specific cardiomyopathies such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). In HCM, management includes symptom-directed pharmacotherapy (beta-blocker or nondihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker, with disopyramide or a cardiac myosin inhibitor in selected adults with obstructive physiology), risk-based use of ICDs, and septal reduction therapy at experienced centers when symptoms persist despite medical therapy.<ref name="pmid38718139">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Ommen SR, Ho CY, Asif IM, Balaji S, Burke MA, Day SM, Dearani JA, Epps KC, Evanovich L, Ferrari VA, Joglar JA, Khan SS, Kim JJ, Kittleson MM, Krittanawong C, Martinez MW, Mital S, Naidu SS, Saberi S, Semsarian C, Times S, Waldman CB \|title=2024 AHA/ACC/AMSSM/HRS/PACES/SCMR Guideline for the Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines \|journal=Circulation \|volume=149 \|issue=23 \|pages=e1239–e1311 \|date=June 2024 \|pmid=38718139 \|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001250 \|url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid35363499">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW \|title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines \|journal=Circulation \|volume=145 \|issue=18 \|pages=e895–e1032 \|date=May 2022 \|pmid=35363499 \|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063 \|url=}}</ref>For cardiomyopathy with HFrEF, foundational GDMT consists of an ARNI/ACE inhibitor/ARB, evidence-based beta-blocker, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, and SGLT2 inhibitor, with additional therapies and device-based treatment individualized by EF, QRS, symptoms, and comorbidities.<ref name="pmid35363499">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW \|title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines \|journal=Circulation \|volume=145 \|issue=18 \|pages=e895–e1032 \|date=May 2022 \|pmid=35363499 \|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063 \|url=}}</ref> Goals include symptom relief, prevention of sudden cardiac death (when relevant, e.g., HCM), and modification of heart-failure trajectory; patients with advanced heart failure despite GDMT should be referred to an advanced HF team for consideration of transplant and/or durable mechanical circulatory support.<ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW \|title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines \|journal=Circulation \|volume=145 \|issue=18 \|pages=e876–e894 \|date=May 2022 \|pmid=35363500 \|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 \|url=}}</ref> In HCM with atrial fibrillation, oral anticoagulation is recommended irrespective of CHA₂DS₂-VASc, and rhythm and/or rate control should be individualized.<ref name="pmid38718139">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Ommen SR, Ho CY, Asif IM, Balaji S, Burke MA, Day SM, Dearani JA, Epps KC, Evanovich L, Ferrari VA, Joglar JA, Khan SS, Kim JJ, Kittleson MM, Krittanawong C, Martinez MW, Mital S, Naidu SS, Saberi S, Semsarian C, Times S, Waldman CB \|title=2024 AHA/ACC/AMSSM/HRS/PACES/SCMR Guideline for the Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines \|journal=Circulation \|volume=149 \|issue=23 \|pages=e1239–e1311 \|date=June 2024 \|pmid=38718139 \|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001250 \|url=}}</ref>

	===Surgery===		===Surgery===
	~~There~~ are ~~several types~~ of ~~surgery used~~ to ~~treat cardiomyopathy. They include~~ septal ablation, ~~[[septal myectomy]]~~, ~~surgically implanted devices to improve~~ the ~~function~~ of the ~~heart~~, ~~and [[heart transplant]]~~.		Procedural and surgical options are phenotype-specific and should be performed at experienced centers when indicated.<ref name="pmid38718139">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Ommen SR, Ho CY, Asif IM, Balaji S, Burke MA, Day SM, Dearani JA, Epps KC, Evanovich L, Ferrari VA, Joglar JA, Khan SS, Kim JJ, Kittleson MM, Krittanawong C, Martinez MW, Mital S, Naidu SS, Saberi S, Semsarian C, Times S, Waldman CB \|title=2024 AHA/ACC/AMSSM/HRS/PACES/SCMR Guideline for the Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines \|journal=Circulation \|volume=149 \|issue=23 \|pages=e1239–e1311 \|date=June 2024 \|pmid=38718139 \|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001250 \|url=}}</ref> For symptomatic obstructive HCM refractory to medical therapy, septal reduction therapy includes surgical septal myectomy or (in selected patients) alcohol septal ablation. Advanced heart failure may require durable mechanical circulatory support and/or heart transplantation after evaluation by an advanced HF team.<ref name="pmid38718139">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Ommen SR, Ho CY, Asif IM, Balaji S, Burke MA, Day SM, Dearani JA, Epps KC, Evanovich L, Ferrari VA, Joglar JA, Khan SS, Kim JJ, Kittleson MM, Krittanawong C, Martinez MW, Mital S, Naidu SS, Saberi S, Semsarian C, Times S, Waldman CB \|title=2024 AHA/ACC/AMSSM/HRS/PACES/SCMR Guideline for the Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines \|journal=Circulation \|volume=149 \|issue=23 \|pages=e1239–e1311 \|date=June 2024 \|pmid=38718139 \|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001250 \|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW \|title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines \|journal=Circulation \|volume=145 \|issue=18 \|pages=e876–e894 \|date=May 2022 \|pmid=35363500 \|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 \|url=}}</ref>

	===Primary Prevention===		===Primary Prevention===
	~~Methods of primary~~ prevention ~~for cardiomyopathy include; maintaining a healthy weight~~, ~~not smoking~~, ~~avoiding~~ alcohol and illicit drugs, ~~reducing stress~~, and ~~treating underlying conditions such as [[diabetes]] and [[high blood pressure]]~~.		Primary prevention focuses on ‘at risk’ (Stage A) and ‘pre-HF’ (Stage B) management: control hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and other cardiovascular risk factors; avoid cardiotoxins (including excess alcohol and illicit drugs); and treat structural heart disease early to prevent progression to symptomatic HF.<ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW \|title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines \|journal=Circulation \|volume=145 \|issue=18 \|pages=e876–e894 \|date=May 2022 \|pmid=35363500 \|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 \|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid38033089">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, Benjamin EJ, Chyou JY, Cronin EM, Deswal A, Eckhardt LL, Goldberger ZD, Gopinathannair R, Gorenek B, Hess PL, Hlatky M, Hogan G, Ibeh C, Indik JH, Kido K, Kusumoto F, Link MS, Linta KT, Marcus GM, McCarthy PM, Patel N, Patton KK, Perez MV, Piccini JP, Russo AM, Sanders P, Streur MM, Thomas KL, Times S, Tisdale JE, Valente AM, Van Wagoner DR \|title=2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines \|journal=Circulation \|volume=149 \|issue=1 \|pages=e1–e156 \|date=January 2024 \|pmid=38033089 \|pmc=11095842 \|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001193 \|url=}}</ref>

	==Preferences==		==Preferences==

Gcn4p gene transcriptions

2026-04-23T20:46:21Z

Gcn4p binding site (Tang) samplings

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:46, 23 April 2026
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	==Gcn4p binding site (Tang) samplings==		==Gcn4p binding site (Tang) samplings==
			[[Gcn4p gene transcriptions#Gcn4p binding site (Tang) samplings\|Gcn4p binding site (Tang) samplings]]

	Copying ATGACTC in "⌘F" yields none between ZNF497 and A1BG on the negative strand.		Copying ATGACTC in "⌘F" yields none between ZNF497 and A1BG on the negative strand.

Hypertension

2026-04-23T14:37:46Z

Modified the treatment section in line with the 2025 AHA/ACC guidelines for the management of hypertension

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:37, 23 April 2026
(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
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	__NOTOC__		__NOTOC__
	{{SI}}		{{SI}}
	{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Sara.Zand}} {{USAMA}}		{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Sara.Zand}} {{USAMA}} {{HMA}}

	{{SK}} Blood pressure; hypertension; high blood pressure; systolic blood pressure; essential hypertension		{{SK}} Blood pressure; hypertension; high blood pressure; systolic blood pressure; essential hypertension
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	:*[[Renin-angiotensin-convertng enzyme inhibitors]] ([[ACEI]] or [[ARB]])		:*[[Renin-angiotensin-convertng enzyme inhibitors]] ([[ACEI]] or [[ARB]])
	:*[[Thiazide-like diuretic]]		:*[[Thiazide-like diuretic]]
	::*~~[[Betablocker]] is~~ first line ~~therapy in the presence of~~ [[~~angina~~]] ~~and [[~~heart failure]].		::*Beta-blockers are not first-line for hypertension unless specific comorbidities (e.g., [[coronary heart disease]], heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) are present.
	::*Second-line lowering [[BP]] agents are used in resistant [[hypertension]] or specific conditions.		::*Second-line lowering [[BP]] agents are used in resistant [[hypertension]] or specific conditions

			* For Stage 2 hypertension (BP ≥140/90 mm Hg), initiation of antihypertensive therapy with two first-line agents of different classes, ideally in a single-pill combination, is recommended to improve blood pressure control and medication adherence.

	*The mainstay of therapy for [[resistant hypertension]] is:		*The mainstay of therapy for [[resistant hypertension]] is:
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	:*Improving medications adherence		:*Improving medications adherence
	:*Diagnosis and treatment of the causes of [[secondary hypertension]]		:*Diagnosis and treatment of the causes of [[secondary hypertension]]
	:*Adding [[spironolactone]] or [[hydralazine]] or [[ minoxidil]] to first line therapy ([[CCB]]s, [[inhibitors of RAS]], [[chlorthalidone]].		:*Adding [[spironolactone]] or [[hydralazine]] or [[ minoxidil]] to first line therapy ([[CCB]]s, [[inhibitors of RAS]], [[chlorthalidone]]).
			:*Renal Denervation may be reasonable as an adjunct in select patients

	{{familytree/start}}		{{familytree/start}}
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	{{familytree \| B01 \| \| \| B02 \| \| \| \| \| B03 \| \| \| \|B04\| \|B01=Nomal [[BP]] ([[BP]]<120/80 mmHg)\|B02=Elevated [[BP]] ([[BP]]120-129/<80mmHg)\|B03=Stage1 [[hypertension]](BP 130-139/80-89mmHg\|B04=Stage 2 [[hypertension]] ([[BP]]≥ 140/90}}		{{familytree \| B01 \| \| \| B02 \| \| \| \| \| B03 \| \| \| \|B04\| \|B01=Nomal [[BP]] ([[BP]]<120/80 mmHg)\|B02=Elevated [[BP]] ([[BP]]120-129/<80mmHg)\|B03=Stage1 [[hypertension]](BP 130-139/80-89mmHg\|B04=Stage 2 [[hypertension]] ([[BP]]≥ 140/90}}
	{{familytree \| \|!\| \| \| \| \|!\| \| \| \| \| \| \|!\| \| \| \| \|!\| }}		{{familytree \| \|!\| \| \| \| \|!\| \| \| \| \| \| \|!\| \| \| \| \|!\| }}
	{{familytree \| C01 \| \| \| C02 \| \| \| \| \| C03 \| \| \| \|C04\| \|C01=Life style modifications\|C02=Nonpharmocological therapy (class1)\|C03= 10 ~~years~~ cardiovascular disease ([[CVD]]) ~~risk≥ 10~~%\|C04=Non pharmacological therapy and [[BP]]lowering medication}}		{{familytree \| C01 \| \| \| C02 \| \| \| \| \| C03 \| \| \| \|C04\| \|C01=Life style modifications\|C02=Nonpharmocological therapy (class1)\|C03= 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk ≥7.5% by PREVENT\|C04=Non pharmacological therapy and [[BP]]lowering medication}}
	{{familytree \| \|!\| \| \| \| \|!\| \| \| \| \|,\|-\|^\|-\|.\| \| \|!\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|}}		{{familytree \| \|!\| \| \| \| \|!\| \| \| \| \|,\|-\|^\|-\|.\| \| \|!\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|}}
	{{familytree \| \|D01\| \| \| D02 \| \| \| D03 \| \| D04 \|!\| \| \| \| \| \| \| D01=Reevaulation in 1 year (class 2a)\|D02=Reevaulation in 3-6 months (class 1)\|D03= NO, nonpharmocological therapy (class1)\|D04= Yes,non pharmacological therapy and [[BP]] lowering medication}}		{{familytree \| \|D01\| \| \| D02 \| \| \| D03 \| \| D04 \|!\| \| \| \| \| \| \| D01=Reevaulation in 1 year (class 2a)\|D02=Reevaulation in 3-6 months (class 1)\|D03= NO, nonpharmocological therapy (class1)\|D04= Yes,non pharmacological therapy and [[BP]] lowering medication}}
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	*[[Surgery\|Surgical]] procedure may be performed for patients with [[secondary hypertension]] such as [[coarctation of aorta]], [[Primary aldosteronism\|primary aldosteronism.]]		*[[Surgery\|Surgical]] procedure may be performed for patients with [[secondary hypertension]] such as [[coarctation of aorta]], [[Primary aldosteronism\|primary aldosteronism.]]
			*Renal Denervation may be reasonable as an adjunct in select patients with resistant hypertension or drug intolerance, but requires evaluation by a multidisciplinary team.

	===Prevention===		===Prevention===
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	*Effective measures for the [[primary prevention]] of hypertension include: <ref name="WheltonCarey2018">{{cite journal\|last1=Whelton\|first1=Paul K.\|last2=Carey\|first2=Robert M.\|last3=Aronow\|first3=Wilbert S.\|last4=Casey\|first4=Donald E.\|last5=Collins\|first5=Karen J.\|last6=Dennison Himmelfarb\|first6=Cheryl\|last7=DePalma\|first7=Sondra M.\|last8=Gidding\|first8=Samuel\|last9=Jamerson\|first9=Kenneth A.\|last10=Jones\|first10=Daniel W.\|last11=MacLaughlin\|first11=Eric J.\|last12=Muntner\|first12=Paul\|last13=Ovbiagele\|first13=Bruce\|last14=Smith\|first14=Sidney C.\|last15=Spencer\|first15=Crystal C.\|last16=Stafford\|first16=Randall S.\|last17=Taler\|first17=Sandra J.\|last18=Thomas\|first18=Randal J.\|last19=Williams\|first19=Kim A.\|last20=Williamson\|first20=Jeff D.\|last21=Wright\|first21=Jackson T.\|title=2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines\|journal=Hypertension\|volume=71\|issue=6\|year=2018\|issn=0194-911X\|doi=10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065}}</ref>		*Effective measures for the [[primary prevention]] of hypertension include: <ref name="WheltonCarey2018">{{cite journal\|last1=Whelton\|first1=Paul K.\|last2=Carey\|first2=Robert M.\|last3=Aronow\|first3=Wilbert S.\|last4=Casey\|first4=Donald E.\|last5=Collins\|first5=Karen J.\|last6=Dennison Himmelfarb\|first6=Cheryl\|last7=DePalma\|first7=Sondra M.\|last8=Gidding\|first8=Samuel\|last9=Jamerson\|first9=Kenneth A.\|last10=Jones\|first10=Daniel W.\|last11=MacLaughlin\|first11=Eric J.\|last12=Muntner\|first12=Paul\|last13=Ovbiagele\|first13=Bruce\|last14=Smith\|first14=Sidney C.\|last15=Spencer\|first15=Crystal C.\|last16=Stafford\|first16=Randall S.\|last17=Taler\|first17=Sandra J.\|last18=Thomas\|first18=Randal J.\|last19=Williams\|first19=Kim A.\|last20=Williamson\|first20=Jeff D.\|last21=Wright\|first21=Jackson T.\|title=2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines\|journal=Hypertension\|volume=71\|issue=6\|year=2018\|issn=0194-911X\|doi=10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065}}</ref>

	:*[[Weight loss]]: ~~Reduction 1 mmHg~~ in ~~[[blood pressure]] for every one kilogram [[~~weight reduction]]		:*Weight loss: Sustained ≥5% reduction in body weight or ≥3 kg/m² reduction in BMI. Expect ~1 mmHg SBP drop per 1 kg lost
	:*[[Healthy diet]]: A [[diet]] rich in [[fruits]], [[vegetables]], [[whole grains]], [[low-fat dairy products]], reduced content of saturated and [[total fat]]		:*[[Healthy diet]]: A [[diet]] rich in [[fruits]], [[vegetables]], [[whole grains]], [[low-fat dairy products]], reduced content of saturated and [[total fat]]
	:*[[Reduced]] intake of dietary [[sodium]]: ~~Less than 1000-15000~~ mg/day		:*Reduced intake of dietary sodium: Target <2300 mg/day, with ideal limit <1500 mg/day
	:*Enhanced intake of [[dietary~~]][[~~ potassium]]:3500–5000 mg/d by intaking rich diet with [[~~potassium~~]]		:*Enhanced intake of dietary potassium: 3500–5000 mg/d by ideally intaking rich diet with potassium, or moderate supplementation (<80 mmol/day)
			:*Use of salt substitutes: Replace regular table/cooking salt with potassium-based salt substitutes. Avoid in [[CKD]] or with potassium-sparing drugs
			:*Reduced alcohol intake: Abstinence is optimal for BP control. If consumed, reduce intake by >50% to ≤1 drink/day for women or ≤2 drinks/day for men
	:*[[Physical activity]]: [[Aerobic]] ( 90–150 min/week), dynamic resistance (90–150 min/week), [[Isometric exercise\|Isometric]] resistance (4 × 2 min handgrip, 1 min rest between exercises, 3 sessions per week)		:*[[Physical activity]]: [[Aerobic]] ( 90–150 min/week), dynamic resistance (90–150 min/week), [[Isometric exercise\|Isometric]] resistance (4 × 2 min handgrip, 1 min rest between exercises, 3 sessions per week)
	:*~~Reduced [[alcohol]] intake~~: ~~Men ≤2 drinks daily, Women ≤1 drink daily~~		:*Stress reduction: Transcendental meditation (2 × 20 min/day) or device-guided slow breathing (<10 breaths/min for 15 min/day) may be reasonable adjuncts to lifestyle modification

	*Once diagnosed and treated, patients with hypertension are followed-up every month for evaluation of medication adherence and response to treatment.		*Once diagnosed and treated, patients with hypertension are followed-up every month for evaluation of medication adherence and response to treatment.

			=== Treatment Goal ===
			For all adults with confirmed hypertension, the recommended target is <130/80 mm Hg. For high-risk patients (10-year CVD risk ≥7.5% by PREVENT), achieving SBP <120 mm Hg is encouraged to reduce major adverse events.

	==References==		==References==

Gcn4p gene transcriptions

2026-04-23T09:28:46Z

GCRE samplings

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:28, 23 April 2026
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	==GCRE samplings==		==GCRE samplings==
			[[Gcn4p gene transcriptions#GCRE samplings\|GCRE samplings]]

	For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence TGA(C/G/T)T(A/C/G)(A/T) (starting with SuccessablesGcn4.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:		For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence TGA(C/G/T)T(A/C/G)(A/T) (starting with SuccessablesGcn4.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:
	# negative strand, negative direction, looking for TGA(C/G/T)T(A/C/G)(A/T), 2, TGAGTCT at 3644, TGACTAT at 3544~~, and complements~~.		# negative strand, negative direction, looking for TGA(C/G/T)T(A/C/G)(A/T), 2, TGAGTCT at 3644, TGACTAT at 3544.
	# ~~negative~~ strand, ~~positive~~ direction, looking for TGA(C/G/T)T(A/C/G)(A/T), 5, ~~TGATTAT~~ at ~~4165~~, ~~TGATTAT~~ at ~~4158~~, ~~TGAGTGA~~ at ~~3712, TGAGTGT at 3592, TGATTGT at 2678, and complements~~.		# positive strand, negative direction, looking for TGA(C/G/T)T(A/C/G)(A/T), 3, TGAGTAT at 3829, TGACTCT at 2788, TGAGTCT at 278.
	# ~~positive~~ strand, ~~negative~~ direction, looking for TGA(C/G/T)T(A/C/G)(A/T), 3, ~~TGAGTAT~~ at ~~3829~~, ~~TGACTCT~~ at ~~2788~~, ~~TGAGTCT~~ at ~~278~~, ~~and complements~~.		# negative strand, positive direction, looking for TGA(C/G/T)T(A/C/G)(A/T), 5, TGATTAT at 4165, TGATTAT at 4158, TGAGTGA at 3712, TGAGTGT at 3592, TGATTGT at 2678.
	# positive strand, positive direction, looking for TGA(C/G/T)T(A/C/G)(A/T), 2, TGAGTGA at 4338, TGACTAA at 2676~~, and complements~~.		# positive strand, positive direction, looking for TGA(C/G/T)T(A/C/G)(A/T), 2, TGAGTGA at 4338, TGACTAA at 2676.
	# complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for ACT(A/C/G)A(C/G/T)(A/T), 3, ACTCATA at 3829, ACTGAGA at 2788, ACTCAGA at 278.		# complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for ACT(A/C/G)A(C/G/T)(A/T), 3, ACTCATA at 3829, ACTGAGA at 2788, ACTCAGA at 278.
			# complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for ACT(A/C/G)A(C/G/T)(A/T), 2, ACTCAGA at 3644, ACTGATA at 3544.
	# complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for ACT(A/C/G)A(C/G/T)(A/T), 2, ACTCACT at 4338, ACTGATT at 2676.		# complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for ACT(A/C/G)A(C/G/T)(A/T), 2, ACTCACT at 4338, ACTGATT at 2676.
	~~# complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for ACT(A/C/G)A(C/G/T)(A/T), 2, ACTCAGA at 3644, ACTGATA at 3544.~~
	# complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for ACT(A/C/G)A(C/G/T)(A/T), 5, ACTAATA at 4165, ACTAATA at 4158, ACTCACT at 3712, ACTCACA at 3592, ACTAACA at 2678.		# complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for ACT(A/C/G)A(C/G/T)(A/T), 5, ACTAATA at 4165, ACTAATA at 4158, ACTCACT at 3712, ACTCACA at 3592, ACTAACA at 2678.
	# inverse complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for (A/T)(C/G/T)A(A/C/G)TCA, 2, ACACTCA at 4094, ATACTCA at 276~~, and complements~~.		# inverse complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for (A/T)(C/G/T)A(A/C/G)TCA, 2, ACACTCA at 4094, ATACTCA at 276.
	# inverse complement, ~~negative~~ strand, ~~positive~~ direction, looking for (A/T)(C/G/T)A(A/C/G)TCA, 4, ~~ACACTCA~~ at ~~4336~~, ~~TTAATCA~~ at ~~4147~~, ~~AGAGTCA~~ at ~~2613~~, ~~TCAGTCA~~ at ~~2100~~, ~~and complements~~.		# inverse complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for (A/T)(C/G/T)A(A/C/G)TCA, 5, AGACTCA at 4055, AGAATCA at 3237, AGACTCA at 1404, AGAATCA at 293, AGAATCA at 198.
	# inverse complement, ~~positive~~ strand, ~~negative~~ direction, looking for (A/T)(C/G/T)A(A/C/G)TCA, 5, ~~AGACTCA~~ at ~~4055~~, ~~AGAATCA~~ at ~~3237~~, ~~AGACTCA~~ at ~~1404~~, ~~AGAATCA~~ at ~~293, AGAATCA at 198, and complements~~.		# inverse complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for (A/T)(C/G/T)A(A/C/G)TCA, 4, ACACTCA at 4336, TTAATCA at 4147, AGAGTCA at 2613, TCAGTCA at 2100.
	# inverse complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for (A/T)(C/G/T)A(A/C/G)TCA, 3, TTACTCA at 3447, AGACTCA at 3008, AGACTCA at 2952~~, and complements~~.		# inverse complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for (A/T)(C/G/T)A(A/C/G)TCA, 3, TTACTCA at 3447, AGACTCA at 3008, AGACTCA at 2952.
	# inverse negative strand, negative direction, looking for (A/T)(A/C/G)T(C/G/T)AGT, 5, TCTGAGT at 4055, TCTTAGT at 3237, TCTGAGT at 1404, TCTTAGT at 293, TCTTAGT at 198.		# inverse negative strand, negative direction, looking for (A/T)(A/C/G)T(C/G/T)AGT, 5, TCTGAGT at 4055, TCTTAGT at 3237, TCTGAGT at 1404, TCTTAGT at 293, TCTTAGT at 198.
			# inverse positive strand, negative direction, looking for (A/T)(A/C/G)T(C/G/T)AGT, 2, TGTGAGT at 4094, TATGAGT at 276.
	# inverse negative strand, positive direction, looking for (A/T)(A/C/G)T(C/G/T)AGT, 3, AATGAGT at 3447, TCTGAGT at 3008, TCTGAGT at 2952.		# inverse negative strand, positive direction, looking for (A/T)(A/C/G)T(C/G/T)AGT, 3, AATGAGT at 3447, TCTGAGT at 3008, TCTGAGT at 2952.
	~~# inverse positive strand, negative direction, looking for (A/T)(A/C/G)T(C/G/T)AGT, 2, TGTGAGT at 4094, TATGAGT at 276.~~
	# inverse positive strand, positive direction, looking for (A/T)(A/C/G)T(C/G/T)AGT, 4, TGTGAGT at 4336, AATTAGT at 4147, TCTCAGT at 2613, AGTCAGT at 2100.		# inverse positive strand, positive direction, looking for (A/T)(A/C/G)T(C/G/T)AGT, 4, TGTGAGT at 4336, AATTAGT at 4147, TCTCAGT at 2613, AGTCAGT at 2100.

ABA-response element gene transcriptions

2026-04-22T04:25:59Z

GATC samplings

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:25, 22 April 2026
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	==GATC samplings==		==GATC samplings==
			[[ABA-response element gene transcriptions#GATC samplings\|GATC samplings]]

	For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence GATC (starting with SuccessablesGATC1.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:		For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence GATC (starting with SuccessablesGATC1.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:

Gal4p gene transcriptions

2026-04-21T08:53:00Z

Samplings

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:53, 21 April 2026
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	==Samplings==		==Samplings==
			[[Gal4p gene transcriptions#Samplings\|Samplings]]

	Copying 5'-CGGACCGC-3' in "⌘F" yields none between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and none between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.		Copying 5'-CGGACCGC-3' in "⌘F" yields none between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and none between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.

Forkhead box gene transcriptions

2026-04-21T06:34:41Z

Forkhead box (Li) samplings

@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 ==Forkhead box (Yoshihara) samplings==
 Copying a responsive elements consensus sequence GTAAACAA and putting the sequence in "⌘F" finds none between ZNF497 and A1BG or none between ZSCAN22 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.
@@ Line 82: / Line 83: @@
 ==Forkhead box (Li) samplings==
 Copying an apparent consensus sequence of (A/G)(C/T)AAA(C/T)A and putting it in "⌘F" finds none located between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and none between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.
 For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence (A/G)(C/T)AAA(C/T)A (starting with SuccessablesFork.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:

Ethylene responsive element gene transcriptions

2026-04-21T03:18:36Z

ERE samplings

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:18, 21 April 2026
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	==ERE samplings==		==ERE samplings==
	{{main\|Model samplings}}		{{main\|Model samplings}}
			[[Ethylene responsive element gene transcriptions#ERE samplings\|ERE samplings]]

	Copying an apparent consensus sequence of ATTTCAAA and putting it in "⌘F" finds none located between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and one between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.		Copying an apparent consensus sequence of ATTTCAAA and putting it in "⌘F" finds none located between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and one between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.

Endosperm expression gene transcriptions

2026-04-20T18:45:33Z

Endosperm expression samplings

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:45, 20 April 2026
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	==Endosperm expression samplings==		==Endosperm expression samplings==
			[[Endosperm expression gene transcriptions#Endosperm expression samplings\|Endosperm expression samplings]]

	Copying an apparent consensus sequence of TGTGTCA and putting it in "⌘F" finds one located between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and none between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.		Copying an apparent consensus sequence of TGTGTCA and putting it in "⌘F" finds one located between ZSCAN22 and A1BG and none between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.

Congestive heart failure Management of Acute heart failure

2026-04-18T10:39:34Z

Transitional care plan: components (Class 1 recommendation):[2]

Show changes

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia medical therapy

2026-04-16T12:02:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:02, 16 April 2026
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	{{Acute lymphoblastic leukemia}}		{{Acute lymphoblastic leukemia}}

	{{CMG}} {{shyam}} {{AE}} {{RT}} {{CLG}} {{ACM}}		{{CMG}} {{shyam}} {{AE}} {{RT}} {{CLG}} {{ACM}} {{MSD}}

	==Overview==		==Overview==

Coronary heart disease overview

2026-04-16T12:01:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:01, 16 April 2026
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	__NOTOC__		__NOTOC__
	{{Coronary heart disease}} {{CMG}}		{{Coronary heart disease}} {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{MSD}}

	==Overview==		==Overview==
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	==Treatment==		==Treatment==
	===Medical Therapy===		===Medical Therapy===
	Goals for treating coronary artery disease include lowering [[blood pressure]], ~~maintaining [[~~HbA1c~~]] levels to less than~~ 7%, and lowering [[LDL]] cholesterol. Long-term treatment will generally depend on the symptoms and severity of disease, and include [[aspirin]], [[ACE inhibitors]], and other ani-coagulant and anti-platelet regimens. The mainstay of treatment for [[chronic stable angina\|stable angina]] which occurs with exertion, includes [[nitroglycerin]]. When unstable angina causes symptoms at rest, or in the setting of an acute [[myocardial infarction]], the immediate therapy is [[morphine]], [[oxygen]], [[nitrate]] and [[aspirin]]. [[Angioplasty]] may also be required in cases of [[acute coronary syndrome]].		Goals for treating coronary artery disease include lowering [[blood pressure]], managing diabetes with cardiovascular-risk-reducing agents such as SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, independent of HbA1c target<ref name="pmid39289001">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Galli M, Gragnano F, Vrints C, Andreotti F \|title=2024 ESC guidelines on chronic coronary syndromes: what is new in pharmacotherapy? \|journal=Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother \|volume=10 \|issue=7 \|pages=572–574 \|date=November 2024 \|pmid=39289001 \|doi=10.1093/ehjcvp/pvae069 \|url=}}</ref>, and lowering [[LDL]] cholesterol. Long-term treatment will generally depend on the symptoms and severity of disease, and include [[aspirin]], [[ACE inhibitors]], and other ani-coagulant and anti-platelet regimens.Low-dose colchicine (0.5 mg daily) should also be considered as an adjunctive anti-inflammatory therapy for long-term management. <ref name="pmid37558377">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Nelson K, Fuster V, Ridker PM \|title=Low-Dose Colchicine for Secondary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease: JACC Review Topic of the Week \|journal=J Am Coll Cardiol \|volume=82 \|issue=7 \|pages=648–660 \|date=August 2023 \|pmid=37558377 \|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2023.05.055 \|url=}}</ref> The mainstay of treatment for [[chronic stable angina\|stable angina]] which occurs with exertion, includes [[nitroglycerin]]. When unstable angina causes symptoms at rest, or in the setting of an acute [[myocardial infarction]], the immediate therapy is [[morphine]], supplemental oxygen (only if SpO₂ <90%), nitrate, and aspirin. [[Angioplasty]] may also be required in cases of [[acute coronary syndrome]].Beta-blockers should be used selectively: they are indicated when LVEF is <50%, or in the presence of angina, arrhythmias, or hypertension, but are no longer routinely recommended for all patients with chronic coronary disease.<ref name="pmid38766996">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Khorsandi M, Blumenthal RS, Blaha MJ, Kohli P \|title=The ABCs of the 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline for the management of patients with chronic coronary disease \|journal=Clin Cardiol \|volume=47 \|issue=5 \|pages=e24284 \|date=May 2024 \|pmid=38766996 \|pmc=11103637 \|doi=10.1002/clc.24284 \|url=}}</ref>

	===Primary Prevention===		===Primary Prevention===
	The [[LDL]] target in primary prevention depends upon the patient's [[risk factors]]. If the ~~patient has CHD or its equivalent~~, ~~then the LDL goal is under 100 mg~~/dl. ~~If the patient has 2~~ risk ~~factors~~, the LDL ~~goal is 130 mg~~/dl. ~~If the patient has~~ < ~~2 risk factors~~, ~~the LDL goal~~ is < ~~160 mg~~/dl. Attempts should be made to reduce [[triglyceride]] levels and to increase [[HDL]] levels. The underlying causes for existing [[dyslipidemia]]s should be identified and appropriately managed. Drugs that cause dyslipidemias should be avoided. Patients should be evaluated reguarly for the presence of risk factors for coronary heart disease, and those with increased risk should be counseled on the beneficial effects of daily [[aspirin]] therapy. Patients should also regularly be counseled about modifying risk factors such as [[obesity]], [[hypertension]], [[smoking]], and the benefits of an [[exercise]] plan.		The [[LDL]] target in primary prevention depends upon the patient's [[risk factors]]. LDL targets in primary prevention should be guided by estimated 10-year ASCVD risk using the PREVENT™ equations<ref name="urlACC, AHA Release New Clinical Guideline For Managing Dyslipidemia - American College of Cardiology">{{cite web \|url=https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/journal-scans/2026/03/13/15/20/acc-aha-release-new-clinical-guideline-for-managing-dyslipidemia \|title=ACC, AHA Release New Clinical Guideline For Managing Dyslipidemia - American College of Cardiology \|format= \|work= \|accessdate=}}</ref>. Statin therapy is recommended for those with intermediate risk (5–<10%) and reasonable for those with borderline risk (3–<5%) after shared decision-making, with the goal of achieving at least a 50% LDL-C reduction from baseline<ref name="urlACC, AHA Release New Clinical Guideline For Managing Dyslipidemia - American College of Cardiology">{{cite web \|url=https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/journal-scans/2026/03/13/15/20/acc-aha-release-new-clinical-guideline-for-managing-dyslipidemia \|title=ACC, AHA Release New Clinical Guideline For Managing Dyslipidemia - American College of Cardiology \|format= \|work= \|accessdate=}}</ref>.Non-statin therapies — including ezetimibe, bempedoic acid, and PCSK9 inhibitors should be considered when statin therapy alone is insufficient.<ref name="urlACC, AHA Release New Clinical Guideline For Managing Dyslipidemia - American College of Cardiology">{{cite web \|url=https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/journal-scans/2026/03/13/15/20/acc-aha-release-new-clinical-guideline-for-managing-dyslipidemia \|title=ACC, AHA Release New Clinical Guideline For Managing Dyslipidemia - American College of Cardiology \|format= \|work= \|accessdate=}}</ref> Attempts should be made to reduce [[triglyceride]] levels and to increase [[HDL]] levels.Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring and Lp(a) measurement should be considered to further refine cardiovascular risk and guide treatment intensity.<ref name="urlACC, AHA Release New Clinical Guideline For Managing Dyslipidemia - American College of Cardiology">{{cite web \|url=https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/journal-scans/2026/03/13/15/20/acc-aha-release-new-clinical-guideline-for-managing-dyslipidemia \|title=ACC, AHA Release New Clinical Guideline For Managing Dyslipidemia - American College of Cardiology \|format= \|work= \|accessdate=}}</ref> The underlying causes for existing [[dyslipidemia]]s should be identified and appropriately managed. Drugs that cause dyslipidemias should be avoided. Patients should be evaluated reguarly for the presence of risk factors for coronary heart disease, and those with increased risk should be counseled on the beneficial effects of daily [[aspirin]] therapy. Patients should also regularly be counseled about modifying risk factors such as [[obesity]], [[hypertension]], [[smoking]], and the benefits of an [[exercise]] plan.

	===Secondary Prevention===		===Secondary Prevention===
	Patients who should be treated with secondary prevention are those with established atherosclerosis including peripheral artery		Patients who should be treated with secondary prevention are those with established atherosclerosis including peripheral artery disease; carotid artery disease; atherosclerotic aortic disease; diabetes and those with a 10-year ASCVD risk >20% by contemporary risk calculators (e.g., PREVENT™ equations or SCORE2).<ref name="url2026 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Dyslipidemia: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines \| Circulation">{{cite web \|url=https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001423 \|title=2026 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Dyslipidemia: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines \| Circulation \|format= \|work= \|accessdate=}}</ref> There are 13 aspects of secondary prevention: Smoking cessation; blood pressure control; lipid-lowering; increasing physical activity; weight loss; diabetes control; antiplatelet agents/anticoagulants; RAS blockers; beta-blockers; depression management; cardiac rehabilitation, influenza vaccine and low-dose colchicine (0.5 mg/day) for anti-inflammatory residual risk reduction.<ref>SEC Working Group for the 2024 ESC guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes and SEC Guidelines Committee. (2025). Comments on the ESC 2024 guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes. ''Revista Espanola de Cardiologia (English Ed.)'', ''78''(3), 170–175. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2024.10.007</nowiki></ref> Please note that secondary prevention guidelines, especially, those involving medication, may differ between [[Unstable Angina\|UA/NSTEMI]]; [[STEMI]]; and [[Chronic Stable Angina]].
	disease; carotid artery disease; atherosclerotic aortic disease; diabetes and those with a ~~Framingham Risk Score of~~ > 20%.
	There are 12 aspects of secondary prevention: Smoking cessation; blood pressure control; lipid-lowering; increasing physical activity; weight loss; diabetes control; antiplatelet agents/anticoagulants; RAS blockers; beta-blockers; depression management; cardiac rehabilitation ~~and~~ influenza vaccine. Please note that secondary prevention guidelines, especially, those involving medication, may differ between [[Unstable Angina\|UA/NSTEMI]]; [[STEMI]]; and [[Chronic Stable Angina]].

	==References==		==References==

Sudden cardiac death epidemiology and demographics

2026-04-07T15:38:11Z

Cardiac arrest in young athletes:

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:38, 7 April 2026
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	*In a US study from 1999 through 2015 (n = 31492), Black individuals younger than 34 years had a higher incidence of presumed sudden cardiac deaths (1.88 per 100000 person-years in 2015) than Hispanic individuals (0.66 per 100000 person-years),and White individuals (1.17 per 100000 person-years),<ref>El-AssaadI, Al-Kindi SG, Aziz PF. Trends of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death among children and youngadults. Pediatrics. 2017;140(6): e20171438. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-1438</ref> which may be due to inequitable access to care <ref>Noonan AS, Velasco-Mondragon HE, Wagner FA. Improving the health of African Americans in the USA: an overdue opportunity for social justice. Public Health Rev. 2016;37:12. doi:10. 1186/s40985-016-0025-4</ref> and racial disparities among out-of hospital resuscitation attempts.		*In a US study from 1999 through 2015 (n = 31492), Black individuals younger than 34 years had a higher incidence of presumed sudden cardiac deaths (1.88 per 100000 person-years in 2015) than Hispanic individuals (0.66 per 100000 person-years),and White individuals (1.17 per 100000 person-years),<ref>El-AssaadI, Al-Kindi SG, Aziz PF. Trends of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death among children and youngadults. Pediatrics. 2017;140(6): e20171438. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-1438</ref> which may be due to inequitable access to care <ref>Noonan AS, Velasco-Mondragon HE, Wagner FA. Improving the health of African Americans in the USA: an overdue opportunity for social justice. Public Health Rev. 2016;37:12. doi:10. 1186/s40985-016-0025-4</ref> and racial disparities among out-of hospital resuscitation attempts.
	*White individuals were more likely to receive bystander CPR after a witnessed cardiac arrest and postresuscitation care than were Black and Hispanic persons in several US based studies.<ref>Toy J, Bosson N, Schlesinger S,Gausche-Hill M. Racial and ethnic disparities in the provision of bystander CPR after witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States. Resuscitation. 2023;190:109901. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023. 109901</ref><ref>Casey SD, Mumma BE.Sex,race,and insurance status differences in hospital treatment and outcomes following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2018;126:125-129. doi:10.1016/j. resuscitation.2018.02.027</ref>		*White individuals were more likely to receive bystander CPR after a witnessed cardiac arrest and postresuscitation care than were Black and Hispanic persons in several US based studies.<ref>Toy J, Bosson N, Schlesinger S,Gausche-Hill M. Racial and ethnic disparities in the provision of bystander CPR after witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States. Resuscitation. 2023;190:109901. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023. 109901</ref><ref>Casey SD, Mumma BE.Sex,race,and insurance status differences in hospital treatment and outcomes following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2018;126:125-129. doi:10.1016/j. resuscitation.2018.02.027</ref>

			=== Cardiac arrest in young athletes: ===

			* Commotio cordis is cardiac arrest precipitated by chest blunt force sufficient to trigger VF.<ref>Maron BJ, Estes NA III. Commotio cordis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(10):917-927.doi:10.1056/ NEJMra0910111</ref>,<ref>Peng T, Derry LT, Yogeswaran V, Goldschlager NF. Commotio cordis in 2023. SportsMed.2023;53 (8):1527-1536. doi:10.1007/s40279-023-01873-6</ref> Although commotio cordis incidence is unknown, more than 90% of cases in the US occur among individuals younger than 25 years.<ref name=":8">Maron BJ, Ahluwalia A, Haas TS, Semsarian C, Link MS, Estes NA III. Global epidemiology and JAMA March18,2025 Volume 333,Number11 (Reprinted) demographics of commotio cordis. HeartRhythm. 2011;8(12):1969-1971. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.07. 014</ref> Commotio cordis is common in baseball, softball, and football in the US, whereas soccer, cricket, and hockey were the sports most commonly associated with it in non-US populations.<ref name=":8" />

	==References==		==References==

Sudden cardiac death screening

2026-04-07T15:15:15Z

Screening in young athletes:

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:15, 7 April 2026
(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
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	__NOTOC__		__NOTOC__
	{{Sudden cardiac death}}		{{Sudden cardiac death}}
	{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sara.Zand}} {{EdzelCo}}		{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sara.Zand}} {{EdzelCo}} {{Nehal}}

	==Overview==		==Overview==
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	**LQTS Risk Calculator		**LQTS Risk Calculator
	**VA calculator		**VA calculator

			=== Screening in young athletes: ===
			The American Heart Association–American College of Cardiology consensus statement<ref name=":1">Maron BJ, Levine BD, Washington RL, Baggish AL, Kovacs RJ, Maron MS; American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee of Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in Young, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology, and American College of Cardiology. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: Task Force 2: preparticipation screening for cardiovascular disease in competitive athletes: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and AmericanCollege of Cardiology. Circulation. 2015;132(22):e267-e272.</ref> on preparticipation screening recommends the American Heart Association 14-point screening guide, including a comprehensive history taking and a physical examination for young athletes (class I recommendation), but does not recommend routine ECG screening of young adults (athletes and non-athletes) in the general population (class III), due to concerns about diagnostic accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and availability of physicians and equipment needed for screening. ECG or transthoracic echocardiography should only be performed in select individuals in whom genetic,congenital,or other cardiovascular abnormalities are suspected or identified (class IIb).<ref name=":1" />

			However, recent ESC guideline recommends a 12-lead ECG as part of preparticipation for all competitive athletes younger than 35 years (class IIa).<ref name="pmid36017572" /> This recommendation was supported by outcome data from the Veneto region, which showed declining incidence of sudden death in young competitive athletes after introduction of a nationwide prescreening program using ECG.<ref>Corrado D, Basso C, Pavei A, Michieli P, Schiavon M,ThieneG. Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program. JAMA.2006;296(13):1593-1601. doi:10.1001/jama.296.13.1593</ref> Some data suggest that compared with history and physical examination, ECG may provide superior accuracy to identify potential risk of sudden death, primarily due to detection of preexcitation syndromes (sensitivity 88% vs 19%, specificity 98% vs 75%).<ref>Williams EA, Pelto HF, Toresdahl BG, et al. Performance of the American Heart Association (AHA)14-point evaluation versus electrocardiography for the cardiovascular screening of high school athletes: a prospective 996 study. J AmHeartAssoc.2019;8(14):e012235. doi:10.1161/JAHA.119.012235</ref>,<ref>Goff NK, Hutchinson A, Koek W, Kamat D. Meta-analysis on the effectiveness of ECG screening for conditions related to sudden cardiac death in young athletes. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2023;62(10):1158-1168. doi:10.1177/ 00099228231152857</ref>

			In the last 2 decades, preparticipation screening for early identification of young competitive athletes at risk of sudden cardiac arrest in high school, college, and professional settings has been investigated. A comparable incidence of cardiovascular deaths was found between 1993 and 2015 in these studies screening competitive athletes. In the Veneto region of Italy, where ECG is routinely employed as part of preparticipation screening, and those in the US (Minnesota), where preparticipation prescreening is limited to history and physical examination.<ref>Maron BJ, Haas TS, Doerer JJ, Thompson PD, Hodges JS. Comparison of U.S.and Italian experiences with sudden cardiac deaths in young competitive athletes and implications for preparticipation screening strategies. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104(2):276-280. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2009. 03.037</ref>