wikidoc - Changes related to "Category:Emergency medicine" [en]

Sudden cardiac death risk factors

2026-04-06T16:54:56Z

Risk Factors

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:54, 6 April 2026
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
Line 1:		Line 1:
	__NOTOC__		__NOTOC__
	{{Sudden cardiac death}}		{{Sudden cardiac death}}
	{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sara.Zand}} {{EdzelCo}}		{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sara.Zand}} {{EdzelCo}} {{Nehal}}

	==Overview==		==Overview==
	Common [[risk factors]] related to underlying [[coronary artery disease]] ([[CAD]]) and [[inherited]] causes in the development of [[ sudden cardiac arrest]] ([[SCA]]) are [[hypertension]], [[male]] [[gender]]		Common [[risk factors]] related to underlying [[coronary artery disease]] ([[CAD]]) and [[inherited]] causes in the development of [[ sudden cardiac arrest]] ([[SCA]]) are [[hypertension]], [[male]] [[gender]]
Line 19:		Line 20:
	:*[[Early repolarization]] patten in early phase of [[MI]]<ref name="NaruseTada2012">{{cite journal\|last1=Naruse\|first1=Yoshihisa\|last2=Tada\|first2=Hiroshi\|last3=Harimura\|first3=Yoshie\|last4=Hayashi\|first4=Mayu\|last5=Noguchi\|first5=Yuichi\|last6=Sato\|first6=Akira\|last7=Yoshida\|first7=Kentaro\|last8=Sekiguchi\|first8=Yukio\|last9=Aonuma\|first9=Kazutaka\|title=Early Repolarization Is an Independent Predictor of Occurrences of Ventricular Fibrillation in the Very Early Phase of Acute Myocardial Infarction\|journal=Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology\|volume=5\|issue=3\|year=2012\|pages=506–513\|issn=1941-3149\|doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.111.966952}}</ref>		:*[[Early repolarization]] patten in early phase of [[MI]]<ref name="NaruseTada2012">{{cite journal\|last1=Naruse\|first1=Yoshihisa\|last2=Tada\|first2=Hiroshi\|last3=Harimura\|first3=Yoshie\|last4=Hayashi\|first4=Mayu\|last5=Noguchi\|first5=Yuichi\|last6=Sato\|first6=Akira\|last7=Yoshida\|first7=Kentaro\|last8=Sekiguchi\|first8=Yukio\|last9=Aonuma\|first9=Kazutaka\|title=Early Repolarization Is an Independent Predictor of Occurrences of Ventricular Fibrillation in the Very Early Phase of Acute Myocardial Infarction\|journal=Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology\|volume=5\|issue=3\|year=2012\|pages=506–513\|issn=1941-3149\|doi=10.1161/CIRCEP.111.966952}}</ref>
	:*Family history of premature death (sudden and unexpected) before age 50 attributed to [[heart]] disease in > 1 relative, presence of [[heart]] disease in close relative less than age 50, presence of ion [[channelopathies]] in family members		:*Family history of premature death (sudden and unexpected) before age 50 attributed to [[heart]] disease in > 1 relative, presence of [[heart]] disease in close relative less than age 50, presence of ion [[channelopathies]] in family members

			=== Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Young Athletes: ===
			Generally, athletes are considered healthier than young adults in the general population. In studies of children and young adults, incidence of sudden death in athletes was reported to be low at approximately 1 per 100000 person-years.<ref name=":0">Maron BJ, Haas TS, Murphy CJ, Ahluwalia A, Rutten-RamosS. Incidence and causes of sudden death in U.S. college athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(16):1636-1643. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01. 041</ref>,<ref>Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, et al. Sports-related sudden cardiac death in a competitive and a non competitive athlete population aged 12 to 49 years: data from an unselected nationwide study in Denmark.Heart Rhythm.2014;11(10):1673-1681. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm. 2014.05.026</ref> However in a prospective study of 11168 adolescent soccer players (mean age, 16.4 years, 95% male) in the English Football Association cardiac screening program from 1996 through 2016, the incidence of sudden death was 6.8 per 100000 person-years.<ref>Malhotra A, Dhutia H, Finocchiaro G, et al. Outcomes of cardiac screening in adolescent soccer players. N Engl J Med.2018;379(6):524-534. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1714719</ref> Most common cause of cardiac arrests in young athletes are:

			# Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome
			# Coronary anomalies
			# Myocarditis
			# Valvular disease.<ref name=":0" />,<ref>Finocchiaro G, Papadakis M, Robertus JL, et al. Etiology of sudden death in sports: insights from a United Kingdom regional registry. J AmColl Cardiol. 2016;67(18):2108-2115. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.02. 062</ref>

			A meta-analysis evaluating sudden cardiac death etiology in individuals younger than 35 years from 2010 through 2020 demonstrated that the following cardiac conditions were more common among athletes than nonathletes: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(11.9%vs3.9%;P = .002),dilated cardiomyopathy (3.6% vs 0.8%; P = .047), and anomalous coronary arteries (7.2% vs 1.9%; P = .009).<ref>D’Ascenzi F, Valentini F, Pistoresi S, et al. Causes of sudden cardiac death in young athletes and non-athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis: sudden cardiac death in the young. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2022;32(5):299-308. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2021.06.001</ref>

	==References==		==References==

Sudden cardiac death screening

2026-04-06T14:53:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:53, 6 April 2026
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
Line 1:		Line 1:
	__NOTOC__		__NOTOC__
	{{Sudden cardiac death}}		{{Sudden cardiac death}}
	{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sara.Zand}} {{EdzelCo}}		{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sara.Zand}} {{EdzelCo}} {{Nehal}}

	==Overview==		==Overview==
Line 9:		Line 9:

	==Screening==		==Screening==
	*~~[[Screening]]~~ in the ~~first relative~~ of [[patients]] with [[sudden cardiac arrest~~]] should be done if there is concern about inherited causes~~ of [[cardiac arrest]].		*If the phenotype in a patient resuscitated after sudden cardiac arrest is established, a recent expert consensus statement<ref name=":0">Stiles MK, Wilde AAM, Abrams DJ, et al. 2020 APHRS/HRS expert consensus statement on the investigation of decedents with sudden unexplained death and patients with sudden cardiac arrest, and of their families. Heart Rhythm. 2021;18(1):e1-e50. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.10.010</ref> recommends genetic testing focused on potential candidate genes and clinical evaluation of family members to identify relatives who have or are at risk of developing a clinical condition.
			*If the cause of sudden cardiac arrest is not determined, first-degree relatives may undergo clinical evaluation, including ECG, cardiac imaging, ambulatory monitoring, and provocative testing.
			*Psychological evaluation and treatment of grief and post traumatic stress in survivors and their immediate family members by trained mental health professionals is recommended.<ref name=":0" />
	*Several [[SCD]] [[risk calculators]] are available for all age groups <ref name="pmid31155932">{{cite journal\| author=Wahbi K, Ben Yaou R, Gandjbakhch E, Anselme F, Gossios T, Lakdawala NK \| display-authors=etal\| title=Development and Validation of a New Risk Prediction Score for Life-Threatening Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Laminopathies. \| journal=Circulation \| year= 2019 \| volume= 140 \| issue= 4 \| pages= 293-302 \| pmid=31155932 \| doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039410 \| pmc= \| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31155932 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid30915475">{{cite journal\| author=Cadrin-Tourigny J, Bosman LP, Nozza A, Wang W, Tadros R, Bhonsale A \| display-authors=etal\| title=A new prediction model for ventricular arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. \| journal=Eur Heart J \| year= 2019 \| volume= 40 \| issue= 23 \| pages= 1850-1858 \| pmid=30915475 \| doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehz103 \| pmc=6568197 \| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30915475 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid32418493">{{cite journal\| author=Miron A, Lafreniere-Roula M, Steve Fan CP, Armstrong KR, Dragulescu A, Papaz T \| display-authors=etal\| title=A Validated Model for Sudden Cardiac Death Risk Prediction in Pediatric Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. \| journal=Circulation \| year= 2020 \| volume= 142 \| issue= 3 \| pages= 217-229 \| pmid=32418493 \| doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047235 \| pmc=7365676 \| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32418493 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid31411652">{{cite journal\| author=Norrish G, Ding T, Field E, Ziólkowska L, Olivotto I, Limongelli G \| display-authors=etal\| title=Development of a Novel Risk Prediction Model for Sudden Cardiac Death in Childhood Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM Risk-Kids). \| journal=JAMA Cardiol \| year= 2019 \| volume= 4 \| issue= 9 \| pages= 918-927 \| pmid=31411652 \| doi=10.1001/jamacardio.2019.2861 \| pmc=6694401 \| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31411652 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid24126876">{{cite journal\| author=O'Mahony C, Jichi F, Pavlou M, Monserrat L, Anastasakis A, Rapezzi C \| display-authors=etal\| title=A novel clinical risk prediction model for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM risk-SCD). \| journal=Eur Heart J \| year= 2014 \| volume= 35 \| issue= 30 \| pages= 2010-20 \| pmid=24126876 \| doi=10.1093/eurheartj/eht439 \| pmc= \| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24126876 }} </ref>		*Several [[SCD]] [[risk calculators]] are available for all age groups <ref name="pmid31155932">{{cite journal\| author=Wahbi K, Ben Yaou R, Gandjbakhch E, Anselme F, Gossios T, Lakdawala NK \| display-authors=etal\| title=Development and Validation of a New Risk Prediction Score for Life-Threatening Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Laminopathies. \| journal=Circulation \| year= 2019 \| volume= 140 \| issue= 4 \| pages= 293-302 \| pmid=31155932 \| doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039410 \| pmc= \| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31155932 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid30915475">{{cite journal\| author=Cadrin-Tourigny J, Bosman LP, Nozza A, Wang W, Tadros R, Bhonsale A \| display-authors=etal\| title=A new prediction model for ventricular arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. \| journal=Eur Heart J \| year= 2019 \| volume= 40 \| issue= 23 \| pages= 1850-1858 \| pmid=30915475 \| doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehz103 \| pmc=6568197 \| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30915475 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid32418493">{{cite journal\| author=Miron A, Lafreniere-Roula M, Steve Fan CP, Armstrong KR, Dragulescu A, Papaz T \| display-authors=etal\| title=A Validated Model for Sudden Cardiac Death Risk Prediction in Pediatric Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. \| journal=Circulation \| year= 2020 \| volume= 142 \| issue= 3 \| pages= 217-229 \| pmid=32418493 \| doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047235 \| pmc=7365676 \| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32418493 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid31411652">{{cite journal\| author=Norrish G, Ding T, Field E, Ziólkowska L, Olivotto I, Limongelli G \| display-authors=etal\| title=Development of a Novel Risk Prediction Model for Sudden Cardiac Death in Childhood Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM Risk-Kids). \| journal=JAMA Cardiol \| year= 2019 \| volume= 4 \| issue= 9 \| pages= 918-927 \| pmid=31411652 \| doi=10.1001/jamacardio.2019.2861 \| pmc=6694401 \| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31411652 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid24126876">{{cite journal\| author=O'Mahony C, Jichi F, Pavlou M, Monserrat L, Anastasakis A, Rapezzi C \| display-authors=etal\| title=A novel clinical risk prediction model for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM risk-SCD). \| journal=Eur Heart J \| year= 2014 \| volume= 35 \| issue= 30 \| pages= 2010-20 \| pmid=24126876 \| doi=10.1093/eurheartj/eht439 \| pmc= \| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24126876 }} </ref>
	**[[HCM Risk-Kids Score]] is a validated [[risk calculator]] used for [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] ([[HCM]]) who are up to 16 years of [[age]].		**[[HCM Risk-Kids Score]] is a validated [[risk calculator]] used for [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] ([[HCM]]) who are up to 16 years of [[age]].

Sudden cardiac death prognosis

2026-04-05T12:42:38Z

Prognosis of Sudden Cardiac Death

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:42, 5 April 2026
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
Line 9:		Line 9:
	* [[Prognosis]] of in-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] is generally better than out-of- hospital [[cardiac arrest]] and the 1-year survival rate of patients who survived to [[hospital]] discharge was approximately 25% in the GWTG-R registry.		* [[Prognosis]] of in-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] is generally better than out-of- hospital [[cardiac arrest]] and the 1-year survival rate of patients who survived to [[hospital]] discharge was approximately 25% in the GWTG-R registry.
	* A retrospective cohort study from the CARES registry reported 101968 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the US between 2006 and 2013, approximately 6% of the incidents occurred among individuals between 20 through 39 years; survival rate to hospital discharge ranged from 11%(30-39years) to 16%(20-24years).<ref name=":0">Andersen LW, Bivens MJ,Giberson T,et al. The relationship between age and outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation. 2015;94:49-54. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.05. 015</ref> Approximately 85% to 95% of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors were discharged with good neurological outcome, as defined by a Cerebral Performance Categories scale of 1 or 2.<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">Gustafsson L, Rawshani A,Råmunddal T, et al. Characteristics, survival and neurological outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in young adults in Sweden:a nationwide study. Resusc Plus. 2023;16:100503.doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2023.100503</ref>		* A retrospective cohort study from the CARES registry reported 101968 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the US between 2006 and 2013, approximately 6% of the incidents occurred among individuals between 20 through 39 years; survival rate to hospital discharge ranged from 11%(30-39years) to 16%(20-24years).<ref name=":0">Andersen LW, Bivens MJ,Giberson T,et al. The relationship between age and outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation. 2015;94:49-54. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.05. 015</ref> Approximately 85% to 95% of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors were discharged with good neurological outcome, as defined by a Cerebral Performance Categories scale of 1 or 2.<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">Gustafsson L, Rawshani A,Råmunddal T, et al. Characteristics, survival and neurological outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in young adults in Sweden:a nationwide study. Resusc Plus. 2023;16:100503.doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2023.100503</ref>
	* The overall survival rate of young adults experiencing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was 9% in a US study from 2005 through 2007 involving 665 persons aged 20 through 39 years, and increased to 34.8% for those with bystander-witnessed VT or VF who were more likely to receive prompt initial cardiopulmonary resus citation (CPR) or automated external defibrillator use.<ref>Rea TD, Cook AJ, Stiell IG, et al; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Predicting survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: role of the Utstein data elements. AnnEmergMed.2010; 55(3):249-257. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009. 09.018</ref>		* The overall survival rate of young adults experiencing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was 9% in a US study from 2005 through 2007 involving 665 persons aged 20 through 39 years, and increased to 34.8% for those with bystander-witnessed VT or VF who were more likely to receive prompt initial cardiopulmonary resus citation (CPR) or automated external defibrillator use.<ref name=":2">Rea TD, Cook AJ, Stiell IG, et al; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Predicting survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: role of the Utstein data elements. AnnEmergMed.2010; 55(3):249-257. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009. 09.018</ref>
	* In an Australian registry conducted between 2000 and 2009 involving 3912 patients with ages between 16 and 39 years with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,the survival rate was 8.8%.<ref name=":1" />		* In an Australian registry conducted between 2000 and 2009 involving 3912 patients with ages between 16 and 39 years with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,the survival rate was 8.8%.<ref name=":1" />

Line 50:		Line 50:


	==Prognosis of Sudden Cardiac ~~Death~~==		==Prognosis of Sudden Cardiac Arrest Survivors==
	*Prognosis of in-hospital cardiac arrest is generally better than out-of-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] and the 1-year survival rate of patients who survived to hospital discharge was approximately 25% in the GWTG-R registry.<ref name="ViraniAlonso2020">{{cite journal\|last1=Virani\|first1=Salim S.\|last2=Alonso\|first2=Alvaro\|last3=Benjamin\|first3=Emelia J.\|last4=Bittencourt\|first4=Marcio S.\|last5=Callaway\|first5=Clifton W.\|last6=Carson\|first6=April P.\|last7=Chamberlain\|first7=Alanna M.\|last8=Chang\|first8=Alexander R.\|last9=Cheng\|first9=Susan\|last10=Delling\|first10=Francesca N.\|last11=Djousse\|first11=Luc\|last12=Elkind\|first12=Mitchell S.V.\|last13=Ferguson\|first13=Jane F.\|last14=Fornage\|first14=Myriam\|last15=Khan\|first15=Sadiya S.\|last16=Kissela\|first16=Brett M.\|last17=Knutson\|first17=Kristen L.\|last18=Kwan\|first18=Tak W.\|last19=Lackland\|first19=Daniel T.\|last20=Lewis\|first20=Tené T.\|last21=Lichtman\|first21=Judith H.\|last22=Longenecker\|first22=Chris T.\|last23=Loop\|first23=Matthew Shane\|last24=Lutsey\|first24=Pamela L.\|last25=Martin\|first25=Seth S.\|last26=Matsushita\|first26=Kunihiro\|last27=Moran\|first27=Andrew E.\|last28=Mussolino\|first28=Michael E.\|last29=Perak\|first29=Amanda Marma\|last30=Rosamond\|first30=Wayne D.\|last31=Roth\|first31=Gregory A.\|last32=Sampson\|first32=Uchechukwu K.A.\|last33=Satou\|first33=Gary M.\|last34=Schroeder\|first34=Emily B.\|last35=Shah\|first35=Svati H.\|last36=Shay\|first36=Christina M.\|last37=Spartano\|first37=Nicole L.\|last38=Stokes\|first38=Andrew\|last39=Tirschwell\|first39=David L.\|last40=VanWagner\|first40=Lisa B.\|last41=Tsao\|first41=Connie W.\|title=Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association\|journal=Circulation\|volume=141\|issue=9\|year=2020\|issn=0009-7322\|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757}}</ref>.Survival after out of hospital cardiac arrest and in hospital cardiac arrest has continued to improve over time according to the guideline.		*Prognosis of in-hospital cardiac arrest is generally better than out-of-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] and the 1-year survival rate of patients who survived to hospital discharge was approximately 25% in the GWTG-R registry.<ref name="ViraniAlonso2020">{{cite journal\|last1=Virani\|first1=Salim S.\|last2=Alonso\|first2=Alvaro\|last3=Benjamin\|first3=Emelia J.\|last4=Bittencourt\|first4=Marcio S.\|last5=Callaway\|first5=Clifton W.\|last6=Carson\|first6=April P.\|last7=Chamberlain\|first7=Alanna M.\|last8=Chang\|first8=Alexander R.\|last9=Cheng\|first9=Susan\|last10=Delling\|first10=Francesca N.\|last11=Djousse\|first11=Luc\|last12=Elkind\|first12=Mitchell S.V.\|last13=Ferguson\|first13=Jane F.\|last14=Fornage\|first14=Myriam\|last15=Khan\|first15=Sadiya S.\|last16=Kissela\|first16=Brett M.\|last17=Knutson\|first17=Kristen L.\|last18=Kwan\|first18=Tak W.\|last19=Lackland\|first19=Daniel T.\|last20=Lewis\|first20=Tené T.\|last21=Lichtman\|first21=Judith H.\|last22=Longenecker\|first22=Chris T.\|last23=Loop\|first23=Matthew Shane\|last24=Lutsey\|first24=Pamela L.\|last25=Martin\|first25=Seth S.\|last26=Matsushita\|first26=Kunihiro\|last27=Moran\|first27=Andrew E.\|last28=Mussolino\|first28=Michael E.\|last29=Perak\|first29=Amanda Marma\|last30=Rosamond\|first30=Wayne D.\|last31=Roth\|first31=Gregory A.\|last32=Sampson\|first32=Uchechukwu K.A.\|last33=Satou\|first33=Gary M.\|last34=Schroeder\|first34=Emily B.\|last35=Shah\|first35=Svati H.\|last36=Shay\|first36=Christina M.\|last37=Spartano\|first37=Nicole L.\|last38=Stokes\|first38=Andrew\|last39=Tirschwell\|first39=David L.\|last40=VanWagner\|first40=Lisa B.\|last41=Tsao\|first41=Connie W.\|title=Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association\|journal=Circulation\|volume=141\|issue=9\|year=2020\|issn=0009-7322\|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757}}</ref>.Survival after out of hospital cardiac arrest and in hospital cardiac arrest has continued to improve over time according to the guideline.
			*60% to 78% of young adults hospitalized after resuscitation from sudden cardiac arrest do not survive to hospital discharge.<ref>Deasy C, Bray JE, Smith K, Harriss LR, Bernard SA, Cameron P. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in young adults in Melbourne,Australia. Resuscitation. 2011;82(7):830-834. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011. 03.008</ref>,<ref name=":2" />,<ref>Fovaeus H, Holmen J, Mandalenakis Z, Herlitz J, Rawshani A, Castellheim AG.Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: survival in children and young adults over 30 years,a nationwide registry-based cohort study. Resuscitation. 2024;195:110103. doi:10.1016/ j.resuscitation.2023.110103</ref> This in-hospital mortality rate is similar to that of older adults who were resuscitated to hospitalization (≈65%).<ref>Ricceri S, Salazar JW, Vu AA, Vittinghoff E, Moffatt E, Tseng ZH. Factors predisposing to survival after resuscitation for sudden cardiac arrest. J AmColl Cardiol. 2021;77(19):2353-2362. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.03.299</ref>
			*The 10-year survival rate of sudden cardiac arrest survivors aged 40 years or younger was 90% in an Australian registry.<ref>Andrew E, Nehme Z, Wolfe R, Bernard S, Smith K. Long-term survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Heart. 2017;103(14):1104-1110. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310485</ref>The rate of recurrent arrest (both out of and in the hospital) or death in survivors aged 18 to 39 years in a Swedish registry was approximately 15% a year after the out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.<ref>Hellsén G, Rawshani A, Skoglund K, et al. Predicting recurrent cardiac arrest in individuals surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2023;184:109678. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022. 109678</ref>

			One-year overall mortality of subcutaneous ICD recipients aged 15 to 34 years was 4.3% in one cohort,90 whereas the VT or VF recurrence rate estimated by subcutaneous ICD recording in secondary prevention recipients (age not reported) in a separate study was 9.9% at 1year and15.8% at 3years.<ref>Boersma LV, Barr CS, Burke MC ,et al; EFFORTLESS and IDE Study Investigators. Performance of the subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with a primary prevention indication with and without a reduced ejection fraction versus patients with a secondary prevention indication. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14(3): 367-375. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.11.025</ref>
	*<i><u>Factors associated poor [[prognosis]] after in-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] include</u></i>:<ref name="Chan2012">{{cite journal\|last1=Chan\|first1=Paul S.\|title=A Validated Prediction Tool for Initial Survivors of In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest\|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine\|volume=172\|issue=12\|year=2012\|pages=947\|issn=0003-9926\|doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2050}}</ref><ref name="pmid21596693">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Ebell MH, Afonso AM \|title=Pre-arrest predictors of failure to survive after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a meta-analysis \|journal=Fam Pract \|volume=28 \|issue=5 \|pages=505–15 \|date=October 2011 \|pmid=21596693 \|doi=10.1093/fampra/cmr023 \|url=}}</ref>		*<i><u>Factors associated poor [[prognosis]] after in-hospital [[cardiac arrest]] include</u></i>:<ref name="Chan2012">{{cite journal\|last1=Chan\|first1=Paul S.\|title=A Validated Prediction Tool for Initial Survivors of In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest\|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine\|volume=172\|issue=12\|year=2012\|pages=947\|issn=0003-9926\|doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2050}}</ref><ref name="pmid21596693">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Ebell MH, Afonso AM \|title=Pre-arrest predictors of failure to survive after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a meta-analysis \|journal=Fam Pract \|volume=28 \|issue=5 \|pages=505–15 \|date=October 2011 \|pmid=21596693 \|doi=10.1093/fampra/cmr023 \|url=}}</ref>
	:*Age > 70 years old		:*Age > 70 years old

Sudden cardiac death definitions and diagnosis

2026-04-04T13:40:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:40, 4 April 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	__NOTOC__		__NOTOC__
	{{Sudden cardiac death}}		{{Sudden cardiac death}}
	{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sara.Zand}} {{EdzelCo}}		{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Sara.Zand}} {{EdzelCo}} {{Nehal}}
	==Overview==		==Overview==
	*The diagnosis of [[sudden cardiac arrest]] ([[SCA]]) is made when the following diagnostic criteria are met: the absence of a [[palpable pulse]] of the [[heart]] due to abrupt cessation of [[pump function]], absent [[carotid pulse]],[[gasping respiration]] or no [[respiration]], loss of [[consciousness]] due to [[cerebral hypoperfusion]].		*The diagnosis of [[sudden cardiac arrest]] ([[SCA]]) is made when the following diagnostic criteria are met: the absence of a [[palpable pulse]] of the [[heart]] due to abrupt cessation of [[pump function]], absent [[carotid pulse]],[[gasping respiration]] or no [[respiration]], loss of [[consciousness]] due to [[cerebral hypoperfusion]].

Sudden cardiac death causes

2026-04-04T11:42:57Z

Causes

Show changes