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'''Uremia''' is a term used to loosely describe the illness accompanying [[renal failure | kidney failure]]. In kidney failure, [[urea]] and other waste products, which are normally excreted into the urine, are retained in the blood. Early symptoms include anorexia and lethargy, and late symptoms can include decreased mental acuity and coma. It is usually diagnosed in [[kidney dialysis]] patients when the [[glomerular filtration rate]], a measure of kidney function, is below 50% of normal.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Meyer TW and Hostetter, TH| title = Uremia| journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 357 | issue = 13 | pages = 1316 | year = 2007 | id = PMID 17898101}} [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/357/13/1316 Full text].</ref>
==[[Uremia overview|Overview]]==
==[[Uremia pathophysiology |Pathophysiology]]==
==[[Uremia causes|Causes]]==
==[[Uremia differential diagnosis|Differentiating Uremia from other Diseases]]==
==[[Uremia epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
==[[Uremia risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
==[[Uremia natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
==Diagnosis==
[[Uremia history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Uremia physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Uremia laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Uremia CT|CT]] | [[Uremia MRI|MRI]] | [[Uremia ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Uremia other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]


[[Azotemia]] is another word that refers to high levels of urea, but is used primarily when the abnormality can be measured chemically but is not yet so severe as to produce symptoms.  Uremia can also result in [[Pericarditis#Fibrinous pericarditis|fibrinous pericarditis]]. There are many dysfunctions caused by uremia affecting many systems of the body, such as blood (lower levels of erythropoietin), Sex (lower levels of testosterone/oestrogen) and bones (osteoperosis
==Treatment==
and metastatic calcifications).
[[Uremia medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Uremia primary prevention|Primary Prevention]]
==Case Studies==
:[[Uremia case study one|Case #1]]


==Causes==
== Related Chapters==
Besides [[renal failure]], the level of urea in the blood can also be increased by:
*increased production of urea in the liver, due to:
**high protein diet
**increased protein breakdown (surgery, infection, trauma, cancer)
**gastrointestinal bleeding
**drugs (e.g. [[tetracyclines]] and [[corticosteroids]])
 
*decreased elimination of urea, due to:
**decreased blood flow through kidney (e.g. [[hypotension]], cardiac failure)
**urinary outflow obstruction
 
*dehydration
 
== See also ==
*[[Azotemia]]
*[[Azotemia]]
*[[Nephrology]]
*[[Nephrology]]

Revision as of 06:08, 28 September 2012

For patient information page, click here

Uremia
Urea
ICD-10 R39.2
ICD-9 585-586, 788.9
DiseasesDB 26060
MeSH D014511

Template:Uremia Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Uremia from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | CT | MRI | Ultrasound | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Primary Prevention

Case Studies

Case #1

Related Chapters



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